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THE FRACAS TEXTUAL INFERENCE PROBLEM SET
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1 GENERALIZED QUANTIFIERS
1.1 Conservativity
Q As are Bs == Q As are As who are Bs
Enas Italos egine o spoudaioteros tenoros tou kosmou.
'enas ita'los 'eʝine o spuðe'oteros te'noros tu 'kozmu.
An[m,nom] Italian[m,nom] became[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] greatest[m,nom] tenor[nom] the[m,gen] world[m,gen].
An Italian became the world's greatest tenor.
Ypirche enas Italos pou egine o spoudaioteros tenoros tou kosmou?
i'pirçe 'enas ita'los pu 'eʝine o spuðe'oteros te'noros tu 'kozmu?
Exist[past,3.Sg] an[m,nom] Italian[m,nom] who became[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] greatest[m,nom] tenor[nom] the[m,gen] world[m,gen]?
Was there an Italian who became the world's greatest tenor?
Ypirche enas Italos pou egine o spoudaioteros tenoros tou kosmou.
i'pirçe 'enas ita'los pu 'eʝine o spue'ðoteros te'noros tu 'kozmu.
Exist[past,3.Sg] an[m,nom] Italian[m,nom] who became[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] greatest[m,nom] tenor[nom] the[m,gen] world[m,gen].
There was an Italian who became the world's greatest tenor.
ne
Nai
Yes
Kathe Italos thelei na ginei enas spoudaios tenoros.
'kaθe ita'los 'Θeli na 'ʝini 'enas spu'ðeos te'noros.
Every Italian[m.nom] want[pres,3.Sg] to be[pres,3.Sg,subj] a[m,nom] great[m,nom] tenor[nom].
Every Italian man wants to be a great tenor.
Orismenoi Italoi einai spoudaioi tenoroi
ori'zmeni ita'li 'ine spu'ðei te'nori.
Some[m,pl] Italian[m,pl,nom] are[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom].
Some Italian men are great tenors.
Yparchoun Italoi pou theloun na ginoun spoudaioi tenoroi?
i'parxun ita'li pu 'θelun na 'ʝinun spu'ðei te'nori?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] Italian[m,pl,nom] who want[pr,3.Pl] to be[pres,3.Pl,subj] great[m,pl,nom] tenor[pl,nom]?
Are there Italian men who want to be a great tenor?
Yparchoun Italoi pou theloun na ginoun spoudaioi tenoroi.
i'parxun ita'li pu 'θelun na 'ʝinun spu'ðei te'nori.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] Italian[m,pl,nom] who want[pres,3.Pl] to be[pres,3.Pl,subj] great[m,pl,nom] tenor[pl,nom].
There are Italian men who want to be a great tenor.
Nai
ne
Yes
The terms "man-men" are not necessary in the translation as they are defined by the form of the term "Italian" itself, which in this case is masculine, singular or plural. For the question and hypothesis, "a great tenor" is replaced by its plural form.
Oloi oi Italoi theloun na ginoun spoudaioi tenoroi.
'oli i ita'li 'θelun na 'ʝinun spu'ðei te'nori.
All[m,pl,nom] Italian[m,pl,nom] want[pres,3.Pl] to be[pres,3.Pl,subj] great[m,pl,nom] tenor[pl,nom].
All Italian men want to be a great tenor.
Orismenoi Italoi einai spoudaioi tenoroi
ori'zmeni ita'li 'ine spu'ðei te'nori.
Some[m,pl,nom] Italian[m,pl,nom] are[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom].
Some Italian men are great tenors.
Yparchoun Italoi pou theloun na ginoun spoudaioi tenoroi?
i'parxun ita'li pu 'θelun na 'ʝinun spu'ðei te'nori?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] Italian[m,pl,nom] who want[pres,3.Pl] to be[pres,3.Pl,subj] great[m,pl,nom] tenor[pl,nom]?
Are there Italian men who want to be a great tenor?
Yparchoun Italoi pou theloun na ginoun spoudaioi tenoroi.
i'parxun ita'li pu 'θelun na 'ʝinun spu'ðei te'nori.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] Italian[m,pl,nom] who want[pres,3.Pl] to be[pres,3.Pl,subj] great[m,pl,nom] tenor[pl,nom].
There are Italian men who want to be a great tenor.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kathe Italos tenoros thelei na ginei spoudaios.
'kaθe ita'los 'Θeli na 'ʝini spu'ðeos.
Each Italian[m,nom] tenor[nom] want[pres,3.Sg] to be[pres,3.Sg,subj] great[m,nom].
Each Italian tenor wants to be great.
Orismenoi Italoi tenoroi einai spoudaioi
ori'zmeni ita'li te'nori 'ine spu'ðei.
Some[m,pl,nom] Italian[m,nom] tenors[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom].
Some Italian tenors are great.
Yparchoun Italoi tenoroi pou theloun na ginoun spoudaioi?
i'parxun ita'li te'nori pu 'θelun na 'ʝinun spu'ðei?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] Italian[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who want[pres,3.Sg] to be[pr,3.Pl,subj] great[m,pl,nom]?
Are there Italian tenors who want to be great?
Yparchoun Italoi tenoroi pou theloun na ginoun spoudaioi.
i'parxun ita'li te'nori pu 'θelun na 'ʝinun spu'ðei.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] Italian[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who want[pres,3.Sg] to be[pr,3.Pl,subj] great[m,pl,nom].
There are Italian tenors who want to be great.
Nai
ne
Yes
Oi pragmatika philodoxoi tenoroi einai Italoi.
i praɣmati'ka fi'loðoksi te'nori 'ine ita'li.
The[m,pl,nom] really ambitious[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] Italian[m,pl,nom].
The really ambitious tenors are Italian.
Yparchoun pragmatika philodoxoi tenoroi pou einai Italoi?
i'parxun praɣmati'ka fi'loðoksi te'nori pu 'ine ita'li?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] really ambitious[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] Italian[m,pl,nom]?
Are there really ambitious tenors who are Italian?
Yparchoun pragmatika philodoxoi tenoroi pou einai Italoi.
i'parxun praɣmati'ka fi'loðoksi te'nori pu 'ine ita'li.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] really ambitious[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] Italian[m,pl,nom].
There are really ambitious tenors who are Italian.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kanenas pragmatika spoudaios tenoros den einai tapeinos.
ka'nenas praɣmati'ka spu'ðeos te'noros ðen 'ine tapi'nos.
No[m,sg,nom] really great[m,nom] tenor[sg,nom] not is[pres,3.Sg] modest[m,nom].
No really great tenors are modest.
Yparchoun pragmatika spoudaioi tenoroi pou einai tapeinoi?
i'parxun praɣmati'ka spu'ðei te'nori pu 'ine tapi'ni?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] really great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] modest[m,pl,nom]?
Are there really great tenors who are modest?
Yparchoun pragmatika spoudaioi tenoroi pou einai tapeinoi.
i'parxun praɣmati'ka spu'ðei te'nori pu 'ine tapi'ni.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] really great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] modest[m,pl,nom].
There are really great tenors who are modest.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Even if the subject "no" has a negative connotation, the negation "not" is still kept in the sentence.
Orismenoi spoudaioi tenoroi einai Souidoi.
ori'zmeni spu'ðei te'nori 'ine sui'ði.
Some[m,pl,nom] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] Swedish[m,pl,nom].
Some great tenors are Swedish.
Yparchoun spoudaioi tenoroi pou einai Souidoi?
i'parxun spu'ðei te'nori pu 'ine sui'ði?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] Swedish[m,pl,nom]?
Are there great tenors who are Swedish?
Yparchoun spoudaioi tenoroi pou einai Souidoi.
i'parxun spu'ðei te'nori pu 'ine sui'ði.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] Swedish[m,pl,nom].
There are great tenors who are Swedish.
Nai
ne
Yes
Polloi spoudaioi tenoroi einai Germanoi.
po'li spu'ðei te'nori 'ine ʝerma'ni.
Many[m,pl,nom] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] German[m,pl,nom].
Many great tenors are German.
Yparchoun spoudaioi tenoroi pou einai Germanoi?
i'parxun po'li spu'ðei te'nori pu 'ine ʝerma'ni?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] German[m,pl,nom]?
Are there great tenors who are German?
Yparchoun spoudaioi tenoroi pou einai Germanoi.
i'parxun spu'ðei te'nori pu 'ine ʝerma'ni.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] German[m,pl,nom].
There are great tenors who are German.
Nai
ne
Yes
Arketoi spoudaioi tenoroi einai Bretanoi.
arce'ta spu'ðei te'nori 'ine vreta'ni.
Several[m,pl,nom] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] British[m,pl,nom].
Several great tenors are British.
Yparchoun spoudaioi tenoroi pou einai Bretanoi?
i'parxun spu'ðei te'nori pu 'ine vreta'ni?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] British[m,pl,nom]?
Are there great tenors who are British?
Yparchoun spoudaioi tenoroi pou einai Bretanoi.
i'parxun spu'ðei te'nori pu 'ine vreta'ni.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] British[m,pl,nom].
There are great tenors who are British.
Nai
ne
Yes
Oi perissoteroi spoudaioi tenoroi einai Italoi.
i peri'soteri spu'ðei te'nori 'ine ita'li.
The[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] Italian[m,pl,nom].
Most great tenors are Italian.
Yparchoun spoudaioi tenoroi pou einai Italoi?
i'parxun spu’ðei te’nori pu 'ine ita'li?
Exist[pres,3.Pl]great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] Italian[m,pl,nom]?
Are there great tenors who are Italian?
Yparchoun spoudaioi tenoroi pou einai Italoi.
i'parxun spu’ðei te’nori pu 'ine ita'li.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] Italian[m,pl,nom].
There are great tenors who are Italian.
Nai
ne
Yes
Merikoi megaloi spoudaioi tragoudoun dimofili mousiki.
meri'ci me'ɣali spu'ðei traɣu'ðun ðimofi'li musi'ci.
A few[m,nom] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] sing[pres,3.Pl] popular[acc] music[acc].
A few great tenors sing popular music.
Se orismenous spoudaious tenorous aresei i dimofilis mousiki.
se ori'zmenus spu'ðeus te'norus a'resi i ðimofi'lis musi'ci.
To some[m,pl,acc] great[m,pl,acc] tenors[acc] like[pres,3.Sg] the[nom] popular[nom] music[nom].
Some great tenors like popular music.
Yparchoun spoudaioi tenoroi pou tragoudoun dhmofilh mousikh?
i'parxun spu'ðei te'nori pu traɣu'ðun ðimofi'li musi'ci?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who sing[pres,3.Pl] popular[acc] music[acc]?
Are there great tenors who sing popular music?
Yparchoun spoudaioi tenoroi pou tragoudoun dimofili mousiki.
i'parxun spu'ðei te'nori pu traɣu'ðun ðimofi'li musi'ci.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who sing[pres,3.Pl] popular[acc] music[acc].
There are great tenors who sing popular music.
Nai
ne
Yes
Ligoi spoudaioi tenoroi einai phtochoi.
'liʝi spu'ðei te'nori 'ine fto'çi.
Few[m,pl,nom] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] poor[m,pl,nom].
Few great tenors are poor.
Yparchoun spoudaioi tenoroi pou einai phtochoi?
i'parxun spu'ðei te'nori pu 'ine fto'çi?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] poor[m,pl,nom]?
Are there great tenors who are poor?
Yparchoun spoudaioi tenoroi pou einai phtochoi.
i'parxun spu'ðei te'nori pu 'ine fto'çi.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] great[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] poor[m,pl,nom].
There are great tenors who are poor.
Ochi polloi
'oçi po'li
Not many
Kai oi dyo kyrioi tenoroi einai exairetikoi.
ce i ð'io 'cirii te'nori 'ine eksereti'ci.
And the[m,pl,nom] two leading[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] excellent[m,pl,nom].
Both leading tenors are excellent.
Kyrioi tenoroi pou einai exairetikoi einai aparaititoi.
'cirii te'nori pu 'ine eksereti'ci 'ine apa'retiti.
Leading[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] excellent[m,pl,nom] are[pres,3.Pl] indispensable[m,pl,nom].
Leading tenors who are excellent are indispensable.
Einai kai oi dyo kyrioi tenoroi aparaititoi?
'ine ce i ð'io 'cirii te'nori apa'retiti?
Are[pres,3.Pl] and the[m,pl,nom] two leading[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] indispensable[m,pl,nom]?
Are both leading tenors indispensable?
Kai oi dyo kyrioi tenoroi einai aparaititoi.
ce i ð'io 'cirii te'nori 'ine apa'retiti.
And the[m,pl,nom] two leading[m,pl,nom] tenors[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] indispensable[m,pl,nom].
Both leading tenors are indispensable.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kanenas apo tous kyrious tenorous den einai phthinos.
ka'nenas a'po tus 'cirius te'norus ðen 'ine fθi'nos.
Neither[m,nom] of the[m,pl,acc] leading[m,pl,acc] tenor[pl,acc] not is[pres,3.Sg] cheap[m,nom].
Neither leading tenor comes cheap.
Enas apo tous kyrious tenorous einai o Pavaroti.
'enas a'po tus cori'feus te'norus 'ine o pava'roti.
One[m,nom] of the[m,pl,acc] leading[m,pl,acc] tenors[m,acc] is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Pavarotti.
One of the leading tenors is Pavarotti.
Einai o Pavaroti enas kyrios tenoros pou einai phthinos ?
'ine o Pavaroti 'enas 'cirios te'noros pu 'ine fθi'nos?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Pavarotti a[m,nom] leading[m,nom] tenor[nom] who is[pres,3.Sg] cheap[m,nom]?
Is Pavarotti a leading tenor who comes cheap?
O Pavaroti einai enas kyrios tenoros pou einai phtinos.
o pava'roti 'ine 'enas 'cirios te'noros pu 'ine fθι'nos.
The[m,nom] Pavarotti is[pres,3.Sg] a[m,nom] leading[m,nom] tenor[nom] who is[pres,3.Sg] cheap[m,nom].
Pavarotti is a leading tenor who comes cheap.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Toulachiston tris tenoroi tha paroun meros stin synaulia
tu'laçiston tris te'nori θa 'parun 'meros sti sina'vlia.
At least three tenors[nom] will take[fut,3.Pl] part[nom] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] concert[acc].
At least three tenors will take part in the concert.
Yparchoun tenoroi pou tha paroun meros sti synaulia?
i'parxun te'nori pu θa 'parun 'meros sti sina'vlia?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] tenors[nom] who will take[fut,3.Pl] part[nom] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] concert[acc]?
Are there tenors who will take part in the concert?
Yparchoun tenoroi pou tha paroun meros sti synaulia.
i'parxun te'nori pu θa 'parun 'meros sti sina'vlia.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] tenors[nom] who will take[fut,3.Pl] part[nom] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] concert[acc].
There are tenors who will take part in the concert.
Nai
ne
Yes
To poly dyo tenoroi tha syneispheroun tis amoibes tous se philanthropies
to po'li ð'io te'nori θa sini'sferun tis ami'ves tus se filanθro'pies.
At most two tenors[nom] will contribute[fut,3.Pl] the[f,pl,acc] fees[nom] their[pl,acc] to charity[pl,acc].
At most two tenors will contribute their fees to charity.
Yparchoun tenoroi pou tha syneispheroun tis amoibes tous se philanthropies?
i'parxun te'nori pu θa sini'sferun tis ami'ves tus se filanθro'pies?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] tenors[nom] who will contribute[fut,3.Pl] the[f,pl,acc] fees[nom] their[pl,acc] to charity[pl,acc]?
Are there tenors who will contribute their fees to charity?
Yparchoun tenoroi pou tha syneispheroun tis amoibes tous se philanthropies.
i'parxun te'nori pu θa sini'sferun tis ami'ves tus se filanθro'pies.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] tenors[nom] who will contribute[fut,3.Pl] the[f,pl,acc] fees[nom] their[pl,acc] to charity[pl,acc].
There are tenors who will contribute their fees to charity.
To poli dyo
to po'li ð'io
At most two
1.2 Monotonicity (upwards on second argument)
Q As are Bs and all Bs are Cs < Q As are Cs
Enas Irlandos kerdise to vraveio Nobel Logotechnias.
'enas irlan'ðos 'cerðise to vra'vio 'nobel loɣote'xnias.
An[m,nom] Irishman[m,nom] won[past,3.Sg] the[neutr,acc] prize[acc] Nobel Litterature[gen].
An Irishman won the Nobel prize for literature.
Kerdise enas Irlandos ena vraveio Nobel?
'cerðise 'enas irlan'ðos 'ena vra'vio 'nobel?
Win[past,3.Sg] an[m,nom] Irishman[m,nom] a[neut,acc] prize[acc] Nobel?
Did an Irishman win a Nobel prize?
Enas Irlandos kerdise ena vraveio Nobel.
'cerðise 'enas irlan'ðos 'ena vra'vio 'nobel.
An[m,nom] Irishman[m,nom] won[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] prize[acc] Nobel.
An Irishman won a Nobel prize.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kathe Evropaios echei to dikaioma na zei stin Evropi.
'kaθe evro'peos 'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi.
Every European[m,nom] has[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3d.Sg,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc]
Every European has the right to live in Europe.
Kathe Evropaios einai anthropos.
'kaθe evro'peos 'ine 'anθropos.
Every European[m,nom] is[pres,3.Sg] person[nom].
Every European is a person.
Kathe anthropos pou exei to dikaioma na zei stin Evropi mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe 'anθropos pu 'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi bo'ri na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Every person[nom] who has[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Sg,subj] in[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every person who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
Mporei kathe Evropaios na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis?
bo'ri 'kaθe evro'peos na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis?
Can[pres,3.Sg] every European[m,nom] to travel[pres3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen]?
Can every European travel freely within Europe?
Kathe Evropaios mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe evro'peos bo'ri na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Every European[m,nom] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every European can travel freely within Europe.
Nai
ne
Yes
Oloi oi Evropaioi echoun to dikaioma na zoun stin Evropi.
'oli i evro'pei 'exun to ði'ceoma na zun stin e'vropi.
All[m,nom] Europeans[m,nom] have[pres,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3d.Sg,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc].
All Europeans have the right to live in Europe.
Kathe Evropaios einai anthropos.
'kaθe evro'peos 'ine 'anθropos.
Every European[m,nom] is[pres,3.Sg] person[nom].
Every European is a person.
Kathe anthropos pou exei to dikaioma na zei stin Evropi mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe 'anθropos pu 'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi bo'ri na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Every person[nom] who has[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Sg,subj] in[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every person who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
Mporoun oloi oi Evropaioi na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis?
bo'run 'oli i evro'pei na taksi'ðepsun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis?
Can[pres,3.Pl] all[m,nom] the[m,pl,nom] Europeans[m,nom] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen]?
Can all Europeans travel freely within Europe?
Oloi oi Evropaioi mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
'oli i evro'pei bo'run na taksi'ðepsun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
All[m,nom] Europeans[m,nom] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
All Europeans can travel freely within Europe.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kathe Evropaios echei to dikaioma na zei stin Evropi.
'kaθe evro'peos 'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi.
Each European[m,nom] has[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3d.Sg,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc].
Each European has the right to live in Europe.
Kathe Evropaios einai anthropos.
'kaθe evro'peos 'ine 'anθropos.
Every European[m,nom] is[pres,3.Sg] person[nom].
Every European is a person.
Kathe anthropos pou exei to dikaioma na zei stin Evropi mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe 'anθropos pu 'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi bo'ri na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Every person[nom] who has[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Sg,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every person who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
Mporei kathe Evropaios na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis?
bo'ri 'kaθe evro'peos na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis?
Can[pres,3.Pl] each European[m,nom] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen]?
Can each European travel freely within Europe?
Kathe Evropaios mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe evro'peos bo'ri na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Each European[m,nom] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Each European can travel freely within Europe.
Nai
ne
Yes
Oi katoikoi ton kraton melon echoun to dikaioma na zoun stin Evropi.
i 'katici ton kra'ton me'lon 'exun to ði'ceoma na zun stin e'vropi.
The[m,pl,nom] residents[m,nom] the[neut,pl,gen] states[gen] member[pl,gen] have[pres,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Pl,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc]
The residents of member states have the right to live in Europe.
Oloi oi katoikoi ton kraton melon einai atoma.
'oli i 'katici ton kra'ton me'lon 'ine 'atoma.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] residents[m,nom] the[neut,pl,gen] states[gen] member[pl,gen] are[pres,3.Pl] individuals[nom].
All residents of member states are individuals.
Kathe atomo pou exei to dikaioma na zei stin Evropi mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe 'atomo pu 'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi bo'ri na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Every individual[nom] who has[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Sg,subj] in[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every individual who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
Mporoun oi katoikoi ton kraton melon na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis?
bo'run i 'katici ton kra'ton me'lon na taksi'ðepsun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis?
Can[pres,3.Pl] the[m,pl,nom] residents[m,nom] the[neut,pl,gen] states[gen] member[pl,gen] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen]?
Can the residents of member states travel freely within Europe?
Oi katoikoi ton kraton melon mporoun na taxedevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
i 'katici ton kra'ton me'lon bo'run na taksi'ðepsun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
The[m,pl,nom] residents[m,nom] the[neut,pl,gen] states[gen] member[pl,gen] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
The residents of member states can travel freely within Europe.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kanenas antiprosopos den teleiose tin anafora egkaira.
ka'nenas adi'prosopos ðen te'liose tin anafo'ra 'eɟera.
No[m,nom] delegate[m,nom] not finished[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] report[acc] on time.
No delegate finished the report on time.
Kanenas antirposopos den teleiose tin anafora?
ka'nenas adi'prosopos ðen te'liose tin anafo'ra?
No[m,nom] delegate[m,nom] not finished[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] report[acc] ?
Did no delegate finish the report?
Kanenas antiprosopos den teleiose tin anafora.
ka'nenas adi'prosopos ðen te'liose tin anafo'ra.
No[m,nom] delegate[m,nom] not finished[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] report[acc].
No delegate finished the report.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
can't drop adjunct in negative context
Orismenoi antiprosopoi teleiosan tin erevna egkaira.
ori'zmeni adi'prosopi te'liosan tin 'erevna 'eɟera.
Some[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] finished[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] survey[acc] on time.
Some delegates finished the survey on time.
Orismenoi antiprosopoi teleiosan tin erevna?
ori'zmeni adi'prosopi te'liosan tin 'erevna?
Some[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] finished[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] survey[acc]?
Did some delegates finish the survey?
Orismenoi antiprosopoi teleiosan tin erevna.
ori'zmeni adi'prosopi te'liosan tin 'erevna.
Some[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] finished[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] survey[acc].
Some delegates finished the survey.
Nai
ne
Yes
OK to drop adjunct in positive context
Polloi antiprosopoi exygagan endiaferonta apotelesmata apo tin erevna.
po'li adi'prosopi e'ksiɣaɣan enðʝa'feroda apote'lezmata a'po tin 'erevna.
Many[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] from the[f,acc] survey[acc].
Many delegates obtained interesting results from the survey.
Polloi antiprosopoi exygagan apotelesmata apo tin erevna?
po'li adi'prosopi e'ksiɣaɣan apote'lezmata a'po tin 'erevna?
Many[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] obtained[past,3.Pl] results[acc] from the[f,acc] survey[acc]?
Did many delegates obtain results from the survey?
Polloi antiprosopoi exygagan apotelesmata apo tin erevna.
po'li adi'prosopi e'ksiɣaɣan apote'lezmata a'po tin 'erevna.
Many[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] obtained[past,3.Pl] results[acc] from the[f,acc] survey[acc].
Many delegates obtained results from the survey.
Nai
ne
Yes
OK to drop adjunct in positive context
Arketoi antiprosopoi dimosiefsan ta apotelesmata se megales ethnikes efimerides.
arce'ti adi'prosopi ðimo'siefsan ta apote'lezmata se me'ɣales eθni'ces efime'riðes.
Several[nom] delegates[nom] published[past,3.Pl] the[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] in major[f,pl,acc] national[pl,acc] newspapers[acc].
Several delegates got the results published in major national newspapers.
Arketoi antiprosopoi dimosiefsan ta apotelesmata?
arce'ti adi'prosopi ðimo'siefsan ta apote'lezmata?
Several[nom] delegates[nom] published[past,3.Pl] the[neut,pl,acc] results[acc]?
Did several delegates get the results published?
Arketoi antiprosopoi dimosiefsan ta apotelesmata.
arce'ti adi'prosopi ðimo'siefsan ta apote'lezmata.
Several[nom] delegates[nom] published[past,3.Pl] the[neut,pl,acc] results[acc].
Several delegates got the results published.
Nai
ne
Yes
OK to drop adjunct in positive context
In the translation the term "get" is lost.
Oi perissoteroi Evropaioi einai katoikoi tis Evropis.
i peri'soteri evro'pei 'ine 'katici tis e'vropis.
The[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] Europeans[m,nom] are[pres,3.Pl] resident[pl,nom] the[f,sg,gen] Europe[gen].
Most Europeans are resident in Europe.
Oloi oi Evropaioi einai anthropoi.
oli i evro'pei 'ine 'anθropi.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] Europeans[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] people[nom].
All Europeans are people.
Oloi oi anthropoi pou einai katoikoi tis Evropis mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
oli i 'anθropi pu 'ine 'katici tis e'vropis bo'run na taksi'ðepsun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropi.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] people[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] resident[pl,nom] the[f,sg,gen] Europe[gen] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
All people who are resident in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
Mporoun oi perissoteroi Evropaioi na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis?
bo'run i peri'soteri evro'pei na taksi'ðepsun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis?
Can[pres,3.Pl] the[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] Europeans[nom] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen]?
Can most Europeans travel freely within Europe?
Oi perissoteroi Evropaioi mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
i peri'soteri evro'pei bo'run na taksi'ðepsun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
The[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] Europeans[nom] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Most Europeans can travel freely within Europe.
Nai
ne
Yes
Merika meli tis epitropis einai apo ti Souidia.
meri'ka 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine a'po ti sui'ðia.
A few[neut,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Sweden[acc].
A few committee members are from Sweden.
Ola ta meli tis epitropis einai anthropoi.
'ola ta 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine 'anθropi.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] people[nom].
All committee members are people.
Oloi oi anthropoi pou einai apo ti Souhdia einai apo ti Skandinavia.
'oli i 'anθropi pu 'ine a'po ti sui'ðia 'ine a'po ti skanðina'via.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] people[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Sweden[acc] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Scandinavia[acc].
All people who are from Sweden are from Scandinavia.
Yparchoun toulachiston merika meli tis epitropis apo ti Skandinavia?
i'parxun tu'laçiston meri'ka 'meli tis epitro'pis a'po ti skanðina'via?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] at least a few[neut,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] from the[f,acc] Scandinavia[acc]?
Are at least a few committee members from Scandinavia?
Toulachiston merika meli tis epitropis einai apo ti Skandinavia.
tu'laçiston meri'ka 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine a'po ti skanðina'via.
At least a few[neut,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Scandinavia[acc].
At least a few committee members are from Scandinavia.
Nai
ne
Yes
Liga meli tis epitropis einai apo ti Portogalia.
'liɣa 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine a'po ti portoɣa'lia.
Few[neut,pl,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Portugal[acc].
Few committee members are from Portugal.
Ola ta meli tis epitropis einai anthropoi.
'ola ta 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine 'anθropi.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] people[nom].
All committee members are people.
Oloi oi anthropoi pou einai apo ti Portogalia einai apo ti notia Evropi.
'oli i 'anθropi pu 'ine a'po ti portoɣa'lia 'ine a'po ti 'notia e'vropi.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] people[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Portugal[acc] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] southern[f,acc] Europe[acc].
All people who are from Portugal are from southern Europe.
Yparchoun liga meli tis epitropis apo ti notia Evropi?
i'parxun 'liɣa 'meli tis epitro'pis a'po ti 'notia e'vropi?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] few[neut,pl,nom] members[nom]the[f,gen] comittee[gen] from the[f,acc] southern[f,acc] Europe[acc]?
Are there few committee members from southern Europe?
Yparchoun liga meli tis epitropis apo ti notia Evropi.
i'parxun 'liɣa 'meli tis epitro'pis a'po ti 'notia e'vropi.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] few[neut,pl,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] from the[f,acc] southern[f,acc] Europe[acc].
There are few committee members from southern Europe.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Kai oi dyo epitropoi itan korifaioi epichirimaties.
ce i 'ðio e'pitropi 'itan kori'fei epiçirima'ties.
And the[pl,m] two commissioners[nom] were[past,3.Pl] leading[m,pl,nom] businessmen[nom].
Both commissioners used to be leading businessmen.
Kai oi dyo epitropoi itan epichirimaties?
ce i 'ðio e'pitropi 'itan epiçirima'ties?
And the[pl,m] two commissioners[nom] were[past,3.Pl] businessmen[nom]?
Did both commissioners used to be businessmen?
Kai oi dyo epitropoi itan epichirimaties.
ce i 'ðio e'pitropi 'itan epiçirima'ties.
And the[pl,m] two commissioners[nom] were[past,3.Pl] businessmen[nom].
Both commissioners used to be businessmen.
Nai
ne
Yes
"used to" can not be kept in the sentence, as in Greek it has more the sense of "have a habit"
Kanenas apo tous epitropous den pernaei poli chrono sto spiti.
ka'nenas a'po tus epi'tropus ðen per'nai 'xrono sto 'spiti.
Neither[m,nom] of the[m,pl,acc] commissioner[pl,acc] not spend[pres,3.Sg] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
Neither commissioner spends a lot of time at home.
Kanenas apo tous epitropous den pernaei poli chrono sto spiti?
ka'nenas a'po tus epi'tropus ðen per'nai 'xrono sto 'spiti?
Neither[m,nom] of the[m,pl,acc] commissioner[pl,acc] not spend[pres,3.Sg] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc]?
Does neither commissioner spend time at home?
Kanenas apo tous epitropous den pernaei chrono sto spiti.
ka'nenas a'po tus epi'tropus ðen per'nai 'xrono sto 'spiti.
Neither[m,nom] of the[m,pl,acc] commissioner[pl,acc] not spend[pres,3.Sg] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
Neither commissioner spends time at home.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Not OK to drop [qualifier] in negative context
Toulachiston treis epitropoi pernane poli chrono sto spiti.
tu'laçiston tris e'pitropi per'nane po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At least three commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At least three commissioners spend a lot of time at home.
Toulachiston treis epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti?
tu'laçiston tris e'pitropi per'nane po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti?
At least three commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc]?
Do at least three commissioners spend time at home?
Toulachiston treis epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti.
tu'laçiston tris e'pitropi per'nane po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At least three commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At least three commissioners spend time at home.
Nai
ne
Yes
To poli deka epitropoi pernane poli chrono sto spiti.
to po'li 'ðeka e'pitropi per'nane po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At most ten commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At most ten commissioners spend a lot of time at home.
To poli deka epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti?
to po'li 'ðeka e'pitropi per'nane po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti?
At most ten commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc]?
Do at most ten commissioners spend time at home?
To poli deka epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti.
to po'li 'ðeka e'pitropi per'nane po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At most ten commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At most ten commissioners spend time at home.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
1.3 Monotonicity (downwards on second argument)
Q As are Bs and all Cs are Bs < Q As are Cs
Enas Irlandos kerdise ena vraveio Nobel.
'enas irlan'ðos 'cerðise 'ena vra'vio 'nobel.
An[m,nom] Irishman[m,nom] won[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] prize[acc] Nobel.
An Irishman won a Nobel prize.
Kerdise enas Irlandos to vraveio Nobel Logotechnias?
'cerðise 'enas irlan'ðos to vra'vio 'nobel loɣote'xnias?
Win[past,3.Sg] an[m,nom] Irishman[m,nom] the[neut,acc] prize[acc] Nobel Litterature[gen]?
Did an Irishman win the Nobel prize for literature?
Enas Irlandos kerdise to vraveio Nobel Logotechnias.
'enas irlan'ðos 'cerðise to vra'vio 'nobel loɣote'xnias.
An[m,nom] Irishman[m,nom] won[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] prize[acc] Nobel Litterature[gen].
An Irishman won the Nobel prize for literature.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Kathe Evropaios mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe evro'peos bo'ri na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Every European[m,nom] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every European can travel freely within Europe.
Kathe Evropaios einai anthropos.
'kaθε evro'peos 'ine 'anθropos.
Every European[m,nom] is[pres,3.Sg] person[nom].
Every European is a person.
Kathe anthropos pou exei to dikaioma na zei stin Evropi mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe 'anθropos pu 'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi bo'ri na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Every person[nom] who has[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Sg,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every person who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
Kathe Evropaios echei to dikaioma na zei stin Evropi?
'kaθe evro'peos'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi?
Every European[m,nom] has[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Sg,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc] ?
Does every European have the right to live in Europe?
Kathe Evropaios echei to dikaioma na zei stin Evropi.
'kaθe evro'peos'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi.
Every European[m,nom] has[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Sg,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc].
Every European has the right to live in Europe.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Oloi oi Evropaioi mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
'oli i evro'pei bo'run na taksi'ðepsun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
All[m,nom] Europeans[m,nom] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
All Europeans can travel freely within Europe.
Kathe Evropaios einai anthropos.
'kaθe evro'peos 'ine 'anθropos.
Every European[m,nom] is[pres,3.Sg] person[nom].
Every European is a person.
Kathe anthropos pou echei to dikaioma na zei stin Evropi mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe 'anθropos pu 'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi bo'ri na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Every person[nom] who has[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Sg,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every person who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
Oloi oi Evropaioi echoun to dikaioma na zoun stin Evropi?
'oli i evro'pei 'eçun to ði'ceoma na zun stin e'vropi?
All[m,nom] Europeans[m,nom] have[pres,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Pl,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc]?
Do all Europeans have the right to live in Europe?
Oloi oi Evropaioi echoun to dikaioma na zoun stin Evropi.
'oli i evro'pei 'eçun to ði'ceoma na zun stin e'vropi.
All[m,nom] Europeans[m,nom] have[pres,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Pl,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc].
All Europeans have the right to live in Europe.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Kathe Evropaios mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe evro'peos bo'ri na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Each European[m,nom] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Each European can travel freely within Europe.
Kathe Evropaios einai anthropos.
'kaθe evro'peos 'ine 'anθropos.
Every European[m,nom] is[pres,3.Sg] person[nom].
Every European is a person.
Kathe anthropos pou echei to dikaioma na zei stin Evropi mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe 'anθropos pu 'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi bo'ri na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Every person[nom] who has[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Sg,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every person who has the right to live in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
Kathe Evropaios echei to dikaioma na zei stin Evropi?
'kaθe evro'peos'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi?
Each European[m,nom] have[pres,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Pl,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc]?
Does each European have the right to live in Europe?
Kathe Evropaios echei to dikaioma na zei stin Evropi.
'kaθe evro'peos'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi.
Each European[m,nom] have[pres,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Pl,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc].
Each European has the right to live in Europe.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Oi katoikoi ton kraton melon mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
i 'katici ton kra'ton me'lon bo'run na taksi'ðepsun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
The[m,pl,nom] residents[m,nom] the[neut,pl,gen] states[gen] member[pl,gen] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
The residents of member states can travel freely within Europe.
Oloi oi katoikoi ton kraton melon einai atoma.
'oli i 'katici ton kra'ton me'lon 'ine 'atoma.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] residents[m,nom] the[neut,pl,gen] states[gen] member[pl,gen] are[pres,3.Pl] individuals[nom].
All residents of member states are individuals.
Kathe atomo pou exei to dikaioma na zei opoudipote stin Evropi mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe 'atomo pu 'eçi to ði'ceoma na zi stin e'vropi bo'ri na taksi'ðepsi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Every individual[nom] who has[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Sg,subj] anywhere in[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every individual who has the right to live anywhere in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
Oi katoikoi ton kraton melon echoun to dikaioma na zoun opoudipote stin Evropi?
i 'katici ton kra'ton me'lon 'exun to ði'ceoma na zun opu'ðipote stin e'vropi?
The[m,pl,nom] residents[m,nom] the[neut,pl,gen] states[gen] member[pl,gen] have[pres,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Pl,subj] anywhere in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc] ?
Do the residents of member states have the right to live anywhere in Europe?
Oi katoikoi ton kraton melon echoun to dikaioma na zoun opoudipote stin Evropi.
i 'katici ton kra'ton me'lon 'exun to ði'ceoma na zun opu'ðipote stin e'vropi.
The[m,pl,nom] residents[m,nom] the[neut,pl,gen] states[gen] member[pl,gen] have[pres,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Pl,subj] anywhere in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc].
The residents of member states have the right to live anywhere in Europe.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Kanenas antiprosopos den teleiose tin anafora.
ka'nenas adi'prosopos ðen te'liose tin anafo'ra.
No[m,nom] delegate[m,nom] not finished[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] report[acc] .
No delegate finished the report.
Kapoios antirposopos teleiose tin anafora egkaira?
'kapços adi'prosopos te'liose tin anafo'ra 'eɟera?
Any[m,nom] delegate[m,nom] finished[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] report[acc] on time?
Did any delegate finish the report on time?
Kapoios antirposopos teleiose tin anafora egkaira.
'kapços adi'prosopos te'liose tin anafo'ra 'eɟera.
Some[m,nom] delegate[m,nom] finished[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] report[acc] on time.
Some delegate finished the report on time.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Orismenoi antiprosopoi teleiosan tin erevna.
ori'zmeni adi'prosopi te'liosan tin 'erevna.
Some[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] finished[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] survey[acc].
Some delegates finished the survey.
Orismenoi antiprosopoi teleiosan tin erevna egkaira?
ori'zmeni adi'prosopi te'liosan tin 'erevna 'eɟera?
Some[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] finished[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] survey[acc] on time?
Did some delegates finish the survey on time?
Orismenoi antiprosopoi teleiosan tin erevna egkaira.
ori'zmeni adi'prosopi te'liosan tin 'erevna 'eɟera.
Some[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] finished[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] survey[acc] on time.
Some delegates finished the survey on time.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Polloi antiprosopoi exygagan apotelesmata apo tin erevna.
po'li adi'prosopi e'ksiɣaɣan apote'lezmata a'po tin 'erevna.
Many[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] obtained[past,3.Pl] results[acc] from the[f,acc] survey[acc].
Many delegates obtained results from the survey.
Polloi antiprosopoi exygagan endiaferonta apotelesmata apo tin erevna?
po'li adi'prosopi e'ksiɣaɣan enðʝa'feroda apote'lezmata a'po tin 'erevna?
Many[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting[pl,neut,acc] results[acc] from the[f,acc] survey[acc]?
Did many delegates obtain interesting results from the survey?
Polloi antiprosopoi exygagan endiaferonta apotelesmata apo tin erevna.
po'li adi'prosopi e'ksiɣaɣan enðʝa'feroda apote'lezmata a'po tin 'erevna.
Many[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting[pl,neut,acc] results[acc] from the[f,acc] survey[acc].
Many delegates obtained interesting results from the survey.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Arketoi antiprosopoi dimosiefsan ta apotelesmata.
arce'ti adi'prosopi ðimo'siefsan ta apote'lezmata.
Several[nom] delegates[nom] published[past,3.Pl] the[neut,pl,acc] results[acc].
Several delegates got the results published.
Arketoi antiprosopoi dimosiefsan ta apotelesmata se megales ethnikes efimerides?
arce'ti adi'prosopi ðimo'siefsan ta apote'lezmata se me'ɣales eθni'ces efime'riðes?
Several[nom] delegates[nom] published[pres,3.Pl] the[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] in major[f,pl,acc] national[pl,acc] newspapers[acc]?
Did several delegates get the results published in major national newspapers?
Arketoi antiprosopoi dimosiefsan ta apotelesmata se megales ethnikes efimerides.
arce'ti adi'prosopi ðimo'siefsan ta apote'lezmata se me'ɣales eθni'ces efime'riðes.
Several[nom] delegates[nom] published[past,3.Pl] the[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] in major[f,pl,acc] national[pl,acc] newspapers[acc].
Several delegates got the results published in major national newspapers.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
In the translation the term "get" is lost.
Oi perissoteroi Evropaioi mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
i peri'soteri evro'pei bo'run na taksi'ðevun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
The[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] Europeans[m,nom] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Most Europeans can travel freely within Europe.
Oloi oi Evropaioi einai anthropoi.
'oli i evro'pei 'ine 'anθropi.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] Europeans[m,nom] are[pres,3.Pl] people[nom].
All Europeans are people.
Oloi oi anthropoi pou einai katoikoi tis Evropis mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
'oli i 'anθropi pu 'ine 'katici tis e'vropis borun na taksi'ðepsun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] people[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] resident[pl,nom] the[f,sg,gen] Europe[gen] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
All people who are resident in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
Einai oi perissoteroi Evropaioi katoikoi tis Evropis?
'ine i peri'soteri evro'pei 'katici tis e'vropis?
Are[pres,3.Pl] the[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] Europeans[m,nom] resident[pl,nom] the[f,sg,gen] Europe[gen].
Are most Europeans resident in Europe?
Oi perissoteroi Evropaioi einai katoikoi tis Evropis.
i peri'soteri evro'pei 'ine 'katici tis e'vropis.
The[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] Europeans[m,nom] are[pres,3.Pl] resident[pl,nom] the[f,sg,gen] Europe[gen].
Most Europeans are resident in Europe.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Merika meli tis epitropis einai apo ti Skandinavia.
meri'ka 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine a'po ti skanðina'via.
A few[neut,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Scandinavia[acc].
A few committee members are from Scandinavia.
Ola ta meli tis epitropis einai anthropoi.
'ola ta 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine 'anθropi.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] people[nom].
All committee members are people.
Oloi oi anthropoi pou einai apo ti Souhdia einai apo ti Skandinavia.
'oli i 'anθropi pu 'ine a'po ti sui'ðia 'ine a'po ti skanðina'via.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] people[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Sweden[acc] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Scandinavia[acc].
All people who are from Sweden are from Scandinavia.
Yparchoun toulachiston merika meli tis epitropis apo ti Souidia?
i'parxun tu'laçiston meri'ka 'meli tis epitro'pis a'po ti sui'ðia?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] at least a few[neut,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] from the[f,acc] Souidia[acc]?
Are at least a few committee members from Sweden?
Toulachiston merika meli tis epitropis einai apo ti Souidia.
tu'laçiston meri'ka 'meli tis epitro'pis a'po ti sui'ðia.
At least a few[neut,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Souidia[acc]
At least a few committee members are from Sweden.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Liga meli tis epitropis einai apo ti notia Evropi.
'liɣa 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine a'po ti 'notia e'vropi.
Few[neut,pl,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] southern[f,acc] Europe[acc].
Few committee members are from southern Europe.
Ola ta meli tis epitropis einai anthropoi.
'ola ta 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine 'anθropi.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] people[nom].
All committee members are people.
Oloi oi anthropoi pou einai apo ti Portogalia einai apo ti notia Evropi.
'oli i 'anθropi pu 'ine a'po ti portoɣa'lia 'ine a'po ti 'notia e'vropi.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] people[nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Portugal[acc] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] southern[f,acc] Europe[acc].
All people who are from Portugal are from southern Europe.
Yparchoun liga meli tis epitropis apo ti Portogalia?
i'parxun 'liɣa 'meli tis epitro'pis a'po ti portoɣa'lia?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] few[neut,pl,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] from the[f,acc] Portugal[acc]?
Are there few committee members from Portugal?
Yparchoun liga meli tis epitropis apo ti Portogalia.
i'parxun 'liɣa 'meli tis epitro'pis a'po ti portoɣa'lia.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] few[neut,pl,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] from the[f,acc] Portugal[acc].
There are few committee members from Portugal.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kai oi dyo epitropoi itan epichirimaties.
ce i 'ðio e'pitropi 'itan epiçirima'ties.
And the[pl,m] two commissioners[nom] were[past,3.Pl] businessmen[nom].
Both commissioners used to be businessmen.
Kai oi dyo epitropoi itan korifaioi epichirimaties?
ce i 'ðio e'pitropi 'itan kori'fei epiçirima'ties?
And the[pl,m] two commissioners[nom] were[past,3.Pl] leading[pl,nom] businessmen[nom]?
Did both commissioners used to be leading businessmen?
Kai oi dyo epitropoi itan korifaioi epichirimaties.
ce i 'ðio e'pitropi 'itan kori'fei epiçirima'ties.
And the[pl,m] two commissioners[nom] were[past,3.Pl] leading[pl,nom] businessmen[nom].
Both commissioners used to be leading businessmen.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
"used to" can not be kept in the sentence, as in Greek it has more the sense of "have a habit"
Kanenas apo tous epitropous den pernaei chrono sto spiti.
ka'nenas a'po tus epi'tropus ðen per'nai 'xrono sto 'spiti.
Neither[m,nom] of the[m,pl,acc] commissioner[pl,acc] not spend[pres,3.Sg] time at the[const,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
Neither commissioner spends time at home.
Kapoios apo tous epitropous pernaei poli chrono sto spiti?
'kapços a'po tus epi'tropus per'nai po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti?
Either[m,nom] of the[m,pl,acc] commissioner[pl,acc] spend[pres,3.Sg] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc]?
Does either commissioner spend a lot of time at home?
Enas apo tous epitropous pernaei poli chrono sto spiti.
'enas a'po tus epi'tropus per'nai po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti.
One[m,nom] of the[m,pl,acc] commissioners[acc] spend[pres,3.Sg] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
One of the commissioners spends a lot of time at home.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Toulachiston treis epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti.
tu'laçiston tris e'pitropi per'nane 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At least three[m,nom] commissioners[acc] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At least three commissioners spend time at home.
Toulachiston treis epitropoi pernane poli chrono sto spiti?
tu'laçiston tris e'pitropi per'nane po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti?
At least three[m,nom] commissioners[acc] spend[pres,3.Pl] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc]?
Do at least three commissioners spend a lot of time at home?
Toulachiston treis epitropoi pernane poli chrono sto spiti.
tu'laçiston tris e'pitropi per'nane po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At least three[m,nom] commissioners[acc] spend[pres,3.Pl] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At least three commissioners spend a lot of time at home.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
To poli deka epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti.
to po'li 'ðeka e'pitropi per'nane 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At most ten commissioners[acc] spend[pres,3.Sg] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At most ten commissioners spend time at home.
To poli deka epitropoi pernane poli chrono sto spiti?
to po'li 'ðeka e'pitropi per'nane po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti?
At most ten commissioners[acc] spend[pres,3.Sg] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc]?
Do at most ten commissioners spend a lot of time at home?
To poli treis epitropoi pernane poli chrono sto spiti.
to po'li 'ðeka e'pitropi per'nane po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At most ten commissioners[acc] spend[pres,3.Sg] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At most ten commissioners spend a lot of time at home.
Nai
ne
Yes
1.4 Monotonicity (upwards on first argument)
Q As are Bs and all As are Cs < Q Cs are Bs
Enas Souidos kerdise ena vraveio Nobel.
'enas sui'ðos 'cerðise 'ena vra'vio 'nobel.
A[m,nom] Swede[m,nom] won[past,3.Sg] a[neutr,acc] prize[acc] Nobel.
A Swede won a Nobel prize.
Kathe Souidos einai Skandinavos.
'kaθe sui'ðos 'ine skanðina'vos.
Every Swede[m,nom] is[pres,3.Sg] Scandinavian[m,nom]
Every Swede is a Scandinavian.
Kerdise enas Skandinavos ena vraveio Nobel?
'cerðise 'enas skanðina'vos 'ena vra'vio 'nobel?
Win[past,3.Sg] a[m,nom] Scandinavian[m,nom] a[neut,acc] prize[acc] Nobel?
Did a Scandinavian win a Nobel prize?
Enas Skandinavos kerdise ena vraveio Nobel.
'enas skanðina'vos 'cerðise 'ena vra'vio 'nobel.
A[m,nom] Scandinavian[m,nom] won[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] prize[acc] Nobel.
A Scandinavian won a Nobel prize.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kathe Kanados katoikos mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe kana'ðos 'katikos bo'ri na taksi'ðevi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Every Canadian[m,nom] resident[nom] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every Canadian resident can travel freely within Europe.
Kathe Kanados katokos einai katoikos tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou.
'kaθe kana'ðos 'katikos 'ine 'katikos tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru.
Every Canadian[m,nom] resident[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] resident[nom] the[f,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen].
Every Canadian resident is a resident of the North American continent.
Mporei kathe katoikos tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis?
bo'ri 'kaθe 'katikos tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru na taksi'ðevi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis?
Can[pres,3.Sg] every resident[nom] the[f,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen] to travel[pres3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen]?
Can every resident of the North American continent travel freely within Europe?
Kathe katoikos tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe 'katikos tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru bo'ri na taksi'ðevi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis?
Every resident[nom] the[f,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every resident of the North American continent can travel freely within Europe.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Oloi oi Kanadoi katoikoi mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
'oli i kana'ði 'katici bo'run na taksi'ðevun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] Canadian[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
All Canadian residents can travel freely within Europe.
Kathe Kanados katoikos einai katoikos tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou.
'kaθe kana'ðos 'katikos 'ine 'katikos tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru.
Every Canadian[m,nom] resident[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] resident[nom] the[f,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen].
Every Canadian resident is a resident of the North American continent.
Mporoun oloi oi katoikoi tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis?
bo'run 'oli i 'katici tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru na taksi'ðevun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis?
Can[pres,3.Pl] all[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] the[f,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen] to travel[pres3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen]?
Can all residents of the North American continent travel freely within Europe?
Oloi oi katoikoi tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
'oli i 'katici tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru bo'run na taksi'ðevun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis?
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] the[f,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen]
All residents of the North American continent can travel freely within Europe.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Kathe Kanados katoikos mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe kana'ðos 'katikos bo'ri na taksi'ðevi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Each Canadian[m,nom] resident[nom] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Each Canadian resident can travel freely within Europe.
Kathe Kanados katokos einai katoikos tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou.
'kaθe kana'ðos 'katikos 'ine 'katikos tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru.
Every Canadian[m,nom] resident[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] resident[nom] the[f,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen].
Every Canadian resident is a resident of the North American continent.
Mporei kathe katoikos tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis?
bo'ri 'kaθe 'katikos tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru na taksi'ðevi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis?
Can[pres,3.Sg] each resident[nom] the[f,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen] to travel[pres3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen]?
Can each resident of the North American continent travel freely within Europe?
Kathe katoikos tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe 'katikos tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru bo'ri na taksi'ðevi e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
Each resident[nom] the[f,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Each resident of the North American continent can travel freely within Europe.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Oi katoikoi ton megalon ditikon choron mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
i 'katici ton me'ɣalon ðiti'kon xo'ron bo'run na taksi'ðevun e'lefθera e'dos e'vropis.
The[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] the[f,pl,gen] major[f,pl,gen] western[f,pl,gen] countries[pl,gen] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
The residents of major western countries can travel freely within Europe.
Oloi oi katoikoi ton megalon ditikon choron einai katoikoi ditikon choron.
'oli i 'katici ton me'ɣalon ðiti'kon xo'ron 'ine 'katici ton ðiti'kon xo'ron.
All[m,nom] the[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] the[f,pl,gen] major[f,pl,gen] western[f,pl,gen] countries[pl,gen] are[pres,3.Pl] residents[nom] western[f,pl,gen] countries[pl,gen].
All residents of major western countries are residents of western countries.
Echoun oloi oi katoikoi ton ditikon choron to dikaioma na zoun stin Evropi?
'exun 'oli i 'katici ton ðiti'kon xo'ron to ði'ceoma na zun stin e'vropi?
Have[pres,3.Pl] all[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] the[f,pl,gen] western[f,pl,gen] countries[pl,gen] the[m,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Pl,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc]?
Do the residents of western countries have the right to live in Europe?
Oi katoikoi ton ditikon choron echoun to dikaioma na zoun stin Evropi.
i 'katici ton ðiti'kon xo'ron 'exun to ði'ceoma na zun stin e'vropi.
The[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] the[f,pl,gen] western[f,pl,gen] countries[pl,gen] have[pres,3.Pl] the[m,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Pl,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc].
The residents of western countries have the right to live in Europe.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Kanenas Skandinavos antiprosopos den teleiose tin anafora egkaira.
ka'nenas skanðina'vos adi'prosopos ðen te'liose tin anafo'ra 'eɟera.
No[m,nom] Scandinavian[m,nom] delegate[m,nom] not finished[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] report[acc] on time.
No Scandinavian delegate finished the report on time.
Kapoios antirposopos teleiose tin anafora egkaira?
'kapços adi'prosopos te'liose tin anafo'ra 'eɟera?
Any[m,nom] delegate[m,nom] finished[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] report[acc] on time?
Did any delegate finish the report on time?
Kapoios antirposopos teleiose tin anafora egkaira.
'kapços adi'prosopos te'liose tin anafo'ra 'eɟera.
Some[m,nom] delegate[m,nom] finished[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] report[acc] on time.
Some delegate finished the report on time.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Orismenoi Irlandoi antiprosopoi teleiosan tin erevna egkaira.
ori'zmeni irlan'ði adi'prosopi te'liosan tin 'erevna 'eɟera.
Some[m,pl,nom] Irish[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] finished[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] survey[acc] on time.
Some Irish delegates finished the survey on time.
Kapoioi antiprosopoi teleiosan tin erevna egkaira?
'kapçi adi'prosopi te'liosan tin 'erevna 'eɟera?
Any[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] finished[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] survey[acc] on time?
Did any delegates finish the survey on time?
Orismenoi antiprosopoi teleiosan tin erevna egkaira.
ori'zmeni adi'prosopi te'liosan tin 'erevna 'eɟera.
Some[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] finished[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] survey[acc] on time.
Some delegates finished the survey on time.
Nai
ne
Yes
Polloi Bretanoi antiprosopoi exygagan endiaferonta apotelesmata apo tin erevna.
po'li vreta'ni adi'prosopi e'ksiɣaɣan enðʝa'feroda apote'lezmata a'po tin 'erevna.
Many[m,pl,nom] British[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] from the[f,acc] survey[acc].
Many British delegates obtained interesting results from the survey.
Polloi antiprosopoi exygagan endiaferonta apotelesmata apo tin erevna?
po'li adi'prosopi e'ksiɣaɣan enðʝa'feroda apote'lezmata a'po tin 'erevna?
Many[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] from the[f,acc] survey[acc]?
Did many delegates obtain interesting results from the survey?
Polloi antiprosopoi exygagan endiaferonta apotelesmata apo tin erevna.
po'li adi'prosopi e'ksiɣaɣan enðʝa'feroda apote'lezmata a'po tin 'erevna.
Many[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] obtained[past,3.Sg] interesting[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] from the[f,acc] survey[acc].
Many delegates obtained interesting results from the survey.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Arketoi Portogaloi antiprosopoi dimosiefsan ta apotelesmata se megales ethnikes efimerides.
arce'ti porto'ɣali adi'prosopi ðimo'siefsan ta apote'lezmata se me'ɣales eθni'ces efime'riðes.
Several[nom] Portuguese[m,pl,nom] delegates[nom] published[past,3.Pl] the[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] in major[f,pl,acc] national[pl,acc] newspapers[acc].
Several Portuguese delegates got the results published in major national newspapers.
Arketoi antiprosopoi dimosiefsan ta apotelesmata se megales ethnikes efimerides?
arce'ti adi'prosopi ðimo'siefsan ta apote'lezmata se me'ɣales eθni'ces efime'riðes?
Several[nom] delegates[nom] published[pres,3.Pl] the[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] in major[f,pl,acc] national[pl,acc] newspapers[acc]?
Did several delegates get the results published in major national newspapers?
Arketoi antiprosopoi dimosiefsan ta apotelesmata se megales ethnikes efimerides.
arce'ti adi'prosopi ðimo'siefsan ta apote'lezmata se me'ɣales eθni'ces efime'riðes.
Several[nom] delegates[nom] published[past,3.Pl] the[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] in major[f,pl,acc] national[pl,acc] newspapers[acc].
Several delegates got the results published in major national newspapers.
Nai
ne
Yes
Oi perissoteroi Evropaioi pou einai katoikoi tis Evropis mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
i peri'soteri evro'pei pu 'ine 'katici tis e'vropis bo'run na taksi'ðevun e'lefθera en'dos e'vropis.
The[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] Europeans[m,nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] resident[pl,nom] the[f,sg,gen] Europe[gen] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Most Europeans who are resident in Europe can travel freely within Europe.
Mporoun oi perissoteroi Evropaioi na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis?
bo'run i peri'soteri evro'pei na taksi'ðevun e'lefθera e'ndos e'vropis?
Can[pres,3.Pl] the[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] Europeans[m,nom] to travel[pres3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen]?
Can most Europeans travel freely within Europe?
Oi perissoteroi Evropaioi mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
i peri'soteri evro'pei bo'run na taksi'ðevun e'lefθera e'ndos e'vropis.
The[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] Europeans[m,nom] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Most Europeans can travel freely within Europe.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
Merikes gynaikes meli tis epitropis einai apo ti Skanidnavia.
meri'ces ʝi'neces 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine a'po ti skanðina'via.
A few[f,pl,nom] women[nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Scandinavia[acc].
A few female committee members are from Scandinavia.
Yparchoun toulachiston merika meli tis epitropis apo ti Skandinavia?
i'parxun tu'laçiston meri'ka 'meli tis epitro'pis a'po ti skanðina'via?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] at least a few[neut,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] from the[f,acc] Scandinavia[acc]?
Are at least a few committee members from Scandinavia?
Toulachiston merika meli tis epitropis einai apo ti Skandinavia.
tu'laçiston meri'ka 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine a'po ti skanðina'via.
At least a few[neut,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Scandinavia[acc]
At least a few committee members are from Scandinavia.
Nai
ne
Yes
The term "female" is replaced by the term "women".
Liges gynaikes meli tis epitropis einai apo ti notia Evropi.
'liʝes ʝi'neces 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine a'po ti 'notia e'vropi.
Few[f,pl,nom] women[nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] southern[f,acc] Europe[acc].
Few female committee members are from southern Europe.
Einai liga meli tis epitropis apo ti notia Evropi?
'ine 'liɣa 'meli tis epitro'pis a'po ti 'notia e'vropi?
Are[pres,3.Pl] few[neut,pl,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] from the[f,acc] southern[f,acc] Europe[acc]?
Are few committee members from southern Europe?
Liga meli tis epitropis apo ti notia Evropi.
'liɣa 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine a'po ti 'notia e'vropi.
Few[neut,pl,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] southern[f,acc] Europe[acc].
Few committee members are from southern Europe.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
The term "female" is replaced by the term "women".
Kai oi dyo gynaikes epitropoi itan sto choro ton epichiriseon.
ce i 'ðio ʝi'neces e'pitropi 'itan sto xo'ro ton epiçi'riseon
And the[f,pl,nom] two women[nom] commissioners[nom] were[past,3.Pl] in the[contr,m,sg,acc] area[acc] the[pl,gen] business[pl,gen].
Both female commissioners used to be in business.
Kai oi dyo epitropoi itan sto choro ton epichiriseon?
ce i 'ðio e'pitropi 'itan sto 'xoro ton epiçi'riseon?
And the[m,pl,nom] two commissioners[nom] were[past,3.Pl] in the[contr,m,sg,acc] area[acc] the[pl,gen] business[pl,gen]?
Did both commissioners used to be in business?
Kai oi dyo epitropoi itan sto choro ton epichiriseon.
ce i 'ðio e'pitropi 'itan sto 'xoro ton epiçi'riseon.
And the[m,pl,nom] two commissioners[nom] were[past,3.Pl] in the[contr,m,sg,acc] area[acc] the[pl,gen] business[pl,gen].
Both commissioners used to be in business.
Nai, an kai oi dyo epitropoi einai gynaikes, allios yparchoun pano apo dyo epitropoi.
ne an ce i 'ðio e'pitropi 'ine ʝi'neces a'ʎos i'parxun 'pano a'po 'ðio e'pitropi
Yes, if both commissioners are female; otherwise there are more than two commissioners.
"used to" can not be kept in the sentence, as in Greek it has more the sense of "have a habit". The term "female" is replaced by the term "women".
Kamia apo tis gynaikes epitropous den pernaei poli chrono sto spiti.
ka'mia a'po tis ʝi'neces e'pitropus ðen per'nai po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti.
Neither[f,nom] of the[f,pl,acc] women[acc] commissioner[pl,acc] not spend[pres,3.Sg] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
Neither female commissioner spends a lot of time at home.
Kapoios apo tous epitropous pernaei poli chrono sto spiti?
'kapços a'po tus e'pitropus per'nai po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti?
Either[m,nom] of the[m,pl,acc] commissioner[pl,acc] spend[pres,3.Sg] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc]?
Does either commissioner spend time at home?
Enas apo tous epitropous pernaei chrono sto spiti.
'enas a'po tus e'pitropus per'nai 'xrono sto 'spiti.
One[m,nom] of the[m,pl,acc] commissioners[acc] spend[pres,3.Sg] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
One of the commissioners spends a lot of time at home.
Ochi an kai oi dyo epitropoi einai gynaikes, allios yparchoun pano apo dyo epitropoi.
'oçi an ce i 'ðio e'pitropi 'ine ʝi'neces, a'ʎos i'parxun 'pano a'po 'ðio e'pitropi.
No, if both commissioners are female; otherwise there are more than two commissioners. Yes
Toulachiston treis gynaikes epitropoi pernane poli chrono sto spiti.
tu'laçiston tris ʝi'neces e'pitropi per'nane po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At least three women[nom] commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At least three female commissioners spend time at home.
Toulachiston treis epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti?
tu'laçiston tris e'pitropi per'nane 'xrono sto 'spiti?
At least three commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc]?
Do at least three commissioners spend time at home?
Toulachiston treis epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti.
tu'laçiston tris e'pitropi per'nane 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At least three commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At least three commissioners spend time at home.
Nai
ne
Yes
The term "female" is replaced by the term "women"
To poli deka gynaikes epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti.
to po'li 'ðeka ʝi'neces e'pitropi per'nane 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At most ten women[nom] commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At most ten female commissioners spend time at home.
To poli deka epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti?
to po'li 'ðeka e'pitropi per'nane 'xrono sto 'spiti?
At most ten commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc]?
Do at most ten commissioners spend time at home?
To poli deka epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti.
to po'li 'ðeka e'pitropi per'nane 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At most ten commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At most ten commissioners spend time at home.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
The term "female" is replaced by the term "women"
1.5 Monotonicity (downwards on first argument)
Q As are Bs and all Cs are As < Q Cs are Bs
Enas Skandinavos kerdise ena vraveio Nobel.
'enas skanðina'vos 'cerðise 'ena vra'vio 'nobel.
A[m,nom] Scandinavian[nom] won[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] prize[acc] Nobel.
A Scandinavian won a Nobel prize.
Kathe Souidos einai Skandinavos.
'kaθe sui'ðos 'ine skanðina'vos.
Every Swede[m,nom] is[pres,3.Sg] Scandinavian[m,nom].
Every Swede is a Scandinavian.
Enas Souidos kerdise ena vraveio Nobel?
'enas sui'ðos 'cerðise 'ena vra'vio 'nobel?
A[m,nom] Swede[nom] won[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] prize[acc] Nobel?
Did a Swede win a Nobel prize?
Enas Souidos kerdise ena vraveio Nobel.
'enas sui'ðos 'cerðise 'ena vra'vio 'nobel.
A[m,nom] Swede[nom] won[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] prize[acc] Nobel.
A Swede won a Nobel prize.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
Kathe katoikos tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe 'katikos tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru bo'ri na taksi'ðevi e'lefθera e'ndos e'vropis.
Every resident[nom] the[f,sg,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every resident of the North American continent can travel freely within Europe.
Kathe Kanados katoikos einai katoikos tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou.
'kaθe kana'ðos 'katikos 'ine 'katikos tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru.
Every Canadian[m,nom] resident[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] resident[nom] the[f,sg,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen].
Every Canadian resident is a resident of the North American continent.
Mporei kathe Kanados katoikos na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis?
bo'ri 'kaθe kana'ðos 'katikos na taksi'ðevi e'lefθera e'ndos e'vropis?
Can[pres,3.Sg] every Canadian[m,nom] resident[nom] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Can every Canadian resident travel freely within Europe?
Kathe Kanados katoikos mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis?
'kaθe kana'ðos 'katikos bo'ri na taksi'ðevi e'lefθera e'ndos e'vropis.
Every Canadian[m,nom] resident[nom] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Every Canadian resident can travel freely within Europe.
Nai
ne
Yes
Oloi oi katoikoi tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
'oli i 'katici tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru bo'run na taksi'ðevun e'lefθera e'ndos e'vropis.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] the[f,sg,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
All residents of the North American continent can travel freely within Europe.
Kathe Kanados katoikos einai katoikos tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou.
'kaθe kana'ðos 'katikos ine 'katikos tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru.
Every Canadian[m,nom] resident[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] resident[nom] the[f,sg,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen].
Every Canadian resident is a resident of the North American continent.
Mporoun oloi oi Kanadoi katoikoi na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis?
bo'run 'oli i kana'ði 'katici na taksi'ðevun e'lefθera e'ndos e'vropis?
Can[pres,3.Pl] all[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] Canadian[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Can all Canadian residents travel freely within Europe?
Oloi oi Kanadoi katoikoi mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
'oli i kana'ði 'katici bo'run na taksi'ðevun e'lefθera e'ndos e'vropis.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] Canadian[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
All Canadian residents can travel freely within Europe.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kathe katoikos tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe 'katikos tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru bo'ri na taksi'ðevi e'lefθera e'ndos e'vropis.
Each resident[nom] the[f,sg,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Each resident of the North American continent can travel freely within Europe.
Kathe Kanados katoikos einai katoikos tis Voreioamerikanikis ipeirou.
'kaθe kana'ðos 'katikos 'ine 'katikos tis vorioameri'kanicis i'piru.
Every Canadian[m,nom] resident[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] resident[nom] the[f,sg,gen] North American[gen] continent[gen].
Every Canadian resident is a resident of the North American continent.
Mporei kathe Kanados katoikos na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis?
bo'ri 'kaθe kana'ðos 'katikos na taksi'ðevi e'lefθera e'ndos e'vropis?
Can[pres,3.Sg] each Canadian[m,nom] resident[nom] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Can each Canadian resident travel freely within Europe?
Kathe Kanados katoikos mporei na taxidevei elefthera entos Evropis.
'kaθe kana'ðos 'katikos bo'ri na taksi'ðevi e'lefθera e'ndos e'vropis.
Each Canadian[m,nom] resident[nom] can[pres,3.Sg] to travel[pres,3.Sg,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Each Canadian resident can travel freely within Europe.
Nai
ne
Yes
Oi katoikoi ton dytikon choron mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
i 'katici ton ðiti'kon xo'ron bo'run na taksi'ðevun e'lefθera e'ndos e'vropis.
The[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] the[f,pl,gen] western[f,pl,gen] countries[pl,gen] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
The residents of western countries can travel freely within Europe.
Oloi oi katoikoi ton megalon dytikon choron einai katoikoi dytikon choron.
'oli i 'katici ton me'ɣalon ðiti'kon xo'ron 'ine 'katici ðiti'kon xo'ron.
All[m,nom] the[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] the[f,pl,gen] major[f,pl,gen] western[f,pl,gen] countries[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] residents[nom] western[f,pl,gen] countries[pl,gen].
All residents of major western countries are residents of western countries.
Echoun oi katoikoi ton megalon dytikon choron to dikaioma na zoun stin Evropi?
'exun i 'katici ton me'ɣalon ðiti'kon xo'ron to ði'ceoma na zun stin e'vropi?
Have[pres,3.Pl] the[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] the[f,pl,gen] major[f,pl,gen] western[f,pl,gen] countries[gen] the[m,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Pl,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc]?
Do the residents of major western countries have the right to live in Europe?
Oi katoikoi ton megalon dytikon choron echoun to dikaioma na zoun stin Evropi.
i 'katici ton me'ɣalon ðiti'kon xo'ron 'exun to ði'ceoma na zun stin e'vropi.
The[m,pl,nom] residents[nom] the[f,pl,gen] major[f,pl,gen] western[f,pl,gen] countries[gen] have[pres,3.Pl] the[m,acc] right[acc] to live[pres,3.Pl,subj] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Europe[acc].
The residents of major western countries have the right to live in Europe.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kanenas antiprosopos den teleiose tin anafora egkaira.
ka'nenas andi'prosopos ðen te'liose tin anafo'ra 'enɟera.
No[m,nom] delegate[m,nom] not finished[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] report[acc] on time.
No delegate finished the report on time.
Kapoios Skandinavos antirposopos teleiose tin anafora egkaira?
'kapços skanðina'vos andi'prosopos te'liose tin anafo'ra 'enɟera?
Any[m,nom] Scandinavian[m,nom] delegate[m,nom] finished[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] report[acc] on time?
Did any Scandinavian delegate finish the report on time?
Kapoios Skandinavos antirposopos teleiose tin anafora egkaira.
'kapços skanðina'vos andi'prosopos te'liose tin anafo'ra 'enɟera.
Some[m,nom] Scandinavian[m,nom] delegate[m,nom] finished[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] report[acc] on time.
Some Scandinavian delegate finished the report on time.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Orismenoi antiprosopoi teleiosan tin erevna egkaira.
ori'smeni andi'prosopi te'liosan tin 'erevna 'enɟera.
Some[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] finished[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] survey[acc] on time.
Some delegates finished the survey on time.
Kapoioi Irlandoi antiprosopoi teleiosan tin erevna egkaira?
'kapçi irla'nði andi'prosopi te'liosan tin 'erevna 'enɟera?
Any[m,pl,nom] Irish[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] finished[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] survey[acc] on time?
Did any Irish delegates finish the survey on time?
Kapoioi Irlandoi antiprosopoi teleiosan tin erevna egkaira.
'kapçi irla'nði andi'prosopi te'liosan tin 'erevna 'enɟera.
Some[m,pl,nom] Irish[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] finished[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] survey[acc] on time.
Some Irish delegates finished the survey on time.
Den xero
'ðen 'ksero
Don't know
Polloi antiprosopoi exygagan endiaferonta apotelesmata apo tin erevna.
po'li andi'prosopi e'ksiɣaɣan enðʝa'feronda apote'lesmata a'po tin 'erevna.
Many[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] from the[f,acc] survey[acc].
Many delegates obtained interesting results from the survey.
Polloi Bretanoi antiprosopoi exygagan endiaferonta apotelesmata apo tin erevna?
po'li vreta'ni andi'prosopi e'ksiɣaɣan enðʝa'feronda apote'lesmata a'po tin 'erevna?
Many[m,pl,nom] British[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting[pl,neut,acc] results[acc] from the[f,acc] survey[acc]?
Did many British delegates obtain interesting results from the survey?
Polloi Bretanoi antiprosopoi exygagan endiaferonta apotelesmata apo tin erevna.
po'li vreta'ni andi'prosopi e'ksiɣaɣan enðʝa'feronda apote'lesmata a'po tin 'erevna.
Many[m,pl,nom] British[m,pl,nom] delegates[m,nom] obtained[past,3.Pl] interesting[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] from the[f,acc] survey[acc].
Many British delegates obtained interesting results from the survey.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
Arketoi antiprosopoi dimosiefsan ta apotelesmata se megales ethnikes efimerides.
arce'ti andi'prosopi ðimo'siefsan ta apote'lesmata se me'ɣales eθni'ces efime'riðes.
Several[nom] delegates[nom] published[past,3.Pl] the[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] in major[f,pl,acc] national[pl,acc] newspapers[acc].
Several delegates got the results published in major national newspapers.
Arketoi Portogaloi antiprosopoi dimosiefsan ta apotelesmata se megales ethnikes efimerides?
arce'ti porto'ɣali andi'prosopi ðimo'siefsan ta apote'lesmata se me'ɣales eθni'ces efime'riðes?
Several[nom] Portuguese[m,pl,nom] delegates[nom] published[pres,3.Pl] the[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] in major[f,pl,acc] national[pl,acc] newspapers[acc]?
Did several Portuguese delegates get the results published in major national newspapers?
Arketoi Portogaloi antiprosopoi dimosiefsan ta apotelesmata se megales ethnikes efimerides.
arce'ti porto'ɣali andi'prosopi ðimo'siefsan ta apote'lesmata se me'ɣales eθni'ces efime'riðes.
Several[nom] Portuguese[m,pl,nom] delegates[nom] published[past,3.Pl] the[neut,pl,acc] results[acc] in major[f,pl,acc] national[pl,acc] newspapers[acc].
Several Portuguese delegates got the results published in major national newspapers.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
Oi perissoteroi Evropaioi mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
i peri'soteri evro'pei bo'run na taksi'ðevun e'lefθερα e'ndos e'vropis.
The[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] Europeans[m,nom] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Most Europeans can travel freely within Europe.
Mporoun oi perissoteroi Evropaioi pou einai katoikoi ektos Evropis na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis?
bo'run i peri'soteri evro'pei pu 'ine 'katici tis e'vropis na taksi'ðevun e'lefθερα e'ndos e'vropis?
Can[pres,3.Pl] the[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] Europeans[m,nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] resident[pl,nom] outside Europe[gen] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Can most Europeans who are resident outside Europe travel freely within Europe?
Oi perissoteroi Evropaioi pou einai katoikoi ektos Evropis mporoun na taxidevoun elefthera entos Evropis.
i peri'soteri evro'pei pu 'ine 'katici e'ktos e'vropis bo'run na taksi'ðevun e'lefθερα e'ndos e'vropis.
The[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] Europeans[m,nom] who are[pres,3.Pl] resident[pl,nom] outside Europe[gen] can[pres,3.Pl] to travel[pres,3.Pl,subj] freely within Europe[gen].
Most Europeans who are resident outside Europe can travel freely within Europe.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
Merika meli tis epitropis einai apo ti Skandinavia.
meri'ka 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine a'po ti skanðina'via.
A few[neut,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Scandinavia[acc].
A few committee members are from Scandinavia.
Yparchoun toulachiston merikes gynaikes meli tis epitropis apo ti Skandinavia?
i'parxun tu'laçiston meri'ces ʝi'neces 'meli tis epitro'pis a'po ti skanðina'via?
Are[pres,3.Pl] at least a few[f,nom] women[nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] from the[f,acc] Scandinavia[acc]?
Are at least a few female committee members from Scandinavia?
Toulachiston merikes gynaikes meli tis epitropis einai apo ti Skandinavia.
tu'laçiston meri'ces ʝi'neces 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine a'po ti skanðina'via.
At least a few[f,nom] women[nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] Scandinavia[acc].
At least a few female committee members are from Scandinavia.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
Liga meli tis epitropis einai apo ti notia Evropi.
'liɣa 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine a'po ti 'notia e'vropi.
Few[neut,pl,nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] southern[f,acc] Europe[acc].
Few committee members are from southern Europe.
Einai liges gynaikes meli tis epitropis apo ti notia Evropi?
'ine 'liɣes ɣi'neces 'meli tis epitro'pis a'po ti 'notia e'vropi?
Are[pres,3.Pl] few[f,pl,nom] women[nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] from the[f,acc] southern[f,acc] Europe[acc]?
Are few female committee members from southern Europe?
Liges gynaikes meli tis epitropis einai apo ti notia Evropi.
'liɣes ɣi'neces 'meli tis epitro'pis 'ine a'po ti 'notia e'vropi.
Few[f,pl,nom] women[nom] members[nom] the[f,gen] comittee[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] southern[f,acc] Europe[acc].
Few female committee members are from southern Europe.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kai oi dyo epitropoi itan sto choro ton epichiriseon.
ce i 'ðio e'pitropi 'itan sto 'xoro ton epiçi'riseon.
And the[m,pl,nom] two commissioners[nom] were[past,3.Pl] in the[contr,m,sg,acc] area[acc] the[pl,gen] business[pl,gen].
Both commissioners used to be in business.
Kai oi dyo gynaikes epitropoi itan sto choro ton epichiriseon?
ce i 'ðio ʝi'neces e'pitropi 'itan sto 'xoro ton epiçi'riseon?
And the[f,pl,nom] two women[nom] commissioners[nom] were[past,3.Pl] in the[contr,m,sg,acc] area[acc] the[pl,gen] business[pl,gen]?
Did both female commissioners used to be in business?
Kai oi dyo gynaikes epitropoi itan sto choro ton epichiriseon.
ce i 'ðio ʝi'neces e'pitropi 'itan sto 'xoro ton epiçi'riseon.
And the[f,pl,nom] two women[nom] commissioners[nom] were[past,3.Pl] in the[contr,m,sg,acc] area[acc] the[pl,gen] business[pl,gen].
Both female commissioners used to be in business.
Nai an kai oi dyo gynaikes epitropoi einai gynaikes, allios yparchoun pano apo dyo epitropoi.
ne an ce i 'ðio ʝi'neces e'pitropi 'ine ʝi'neces, a'ʎos i'parxun 'pano a'po 'ðio e'pitropi.
Yes, if both commissioners are female; otherwise there are more than two commissioners.
Kanenas apo tous epitropous den pernaei poli chrono sto spiti.
ka'nenas a'po tus epi'tropus ðen per'nai po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti.
Neither[m,nom] of the[m,pl,acc] commissioner[pl,acc] not spend[pres,3.Sg] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
Neither commissioner spends a lot of time at home.
Kapoia apo tis gynaikes epitropous pernaei poli chrono sto spiti?
'kapça a'po tis ʝi'neces epi'tropus per'nai po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti?
Either[m,nom] of the[f,pl,acc] women[acc] commissioner[pl,acc] spend[pres,3.Sg] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc]?
Does either female commissioner spend a lot of time at home?
Mia apo tis gynaikes epitropous pernaei poli chrono sto spiti.
'mia a'po tis ʝi'neces epi'tropus per'nai po'li 'xrono sto 'spiti.
One[f,nom] of the[f,pl,acc] women[acc] commissioners[acc] spends[pres,3.Sg] a lot of time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
One of the female commissioners spends a lot of time at home.
Ochi an kai oi dyo gynaikes epitropoi einai gynaikes, allios yparchoun pano apo dyo epitropoi.
'oçi an ce i 'ðio e'pitropi 'ine ʝi'neces, a'ʎos i'parxun 'pano a'po 'ðio e'pitropi.
No, if both commissioners are female; otherwise there are more than two commissioners.
Toulachiston treis epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti.
tu'laçiston tris e'pitropi per'nane 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At least three commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At least three commissioners spend time at home.
Toulachiston treis antres epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti?
tu'laçiston tris 'andres e'pitropi per'nane 'xrono sto 'spiti?
At least three men[nom] commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc]?
Do at least three male commissioners spend time at home?
Toulachiston treis antres epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti.
tu'laçiston tris 'andres e'pitropi per'nane 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At least three men[nom] commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At least three male commissioners spend time at home.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
The term "male" was substituted by the term "men" in the translation.
To poli deka epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti.
to po'li 'ðeka e'pitropi per'nane 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At most ten commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At most ten commissioners spend time at home.
To poli deka gynaikes epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti?
to po'li 'ðeka ʝi'neces e'pitropi per'nane 'xrono sto 'spiti?
At most ten women[nom] commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc]?
Do at most ten female commissioners spend time at home?
To poli deka gynaikes epitropoi pernane chrono sto spiti.
to po'li 'ðeka ʝi'neces e'pitropi per'nane 'xrono sto 'spiti.
At most ten women[nom] commissioners[nom] spend[pres,3.Pl] time[acc] at the[contr,neut,sg,acc] home[acc].
At most ten female commissioners spend time at home.
Nai
ne
Yes
2 PLURALS
A number of inferences pertaining to plurals are covered under the headings of
generalized quantifiers and elsewhere. Here we concentrate on conjoined NPs;
bare, existential and definite plurals; dependent plurals; and collective and
distributive readings and scope ambiguity.
2.1 Conjoined Noun Phrases
O Smith, o Tzoouns kai o Anterson ypegrapsan to symvolaio.
o smiθ, ο 'dzouns ce o 'anderson i'peɣrapsan to sim'voleo.
The[m,nom] Smith, the[m,nom] Jones and the[m,nom] Anderson signed[past,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Smith, Jones and Anderson signed the contract.
O Tzoouns ypegrapse to symvolaio?
ο 'dzouns i'peɣrapse to sim'voleo?
The[m,nom] Jones signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc]?
Did Jones sign the contract?
O Tzoouns ypegrapse to symvolaio.
ο 'dzouns i'peɣrapse to sim'voleo.
The[m,nom] Jones signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Jones signed the contract
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith, o Tzoouns kai arketoi dikigoroi ypegrapsan to symvolaio.
o smiθ, ο 'dzouns ce arce'ti ðici'ɣori i'peɣrapsan to sim'voleo.
The[m,nom] Smith, the[m,nom] Jones and several[m,nom] lawyers[nom] signed[past,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Smith, Jones and several lawyers signed the contract.
O Tzoouns ypegrapse to symvolaio?
ο 'dzouns i'peɣrapse to sim'voleo?
The[m,nom] Jones signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc]?
Did Jones sign the contract?
O Tzoouns ypegrapse to symvolaio.
ο 'dzouns i'peɣrapse to sim'voleo.
The[m,nom] Jones signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Jones signed the contract
Nai
ne
Yes
Eite o Smith, o Tzoouns i o Anterson ypegrapse to symvolaio.
'ite o smiθ 'ite ο 'dzouns 'ite o 'anderson i'peɣrapse to sim'voleo.
Either the[m,nom] Smith, the[m,nom] Jones or the[m,nom] Anderson signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Either Smith, Jones or Anderson signed the contract.
O Tzoouns ypegrapse to symvolaio?
ο 'dzouns i'peɣrapse to sim'voleo?
The[m,nom] Jones signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc]?
Did Jones sign the contract?
O Tzoouns ypegrapse to symvolaio.
ο 'dzouns i'peɣrapse to sim'voleo.
The[m,nom] Jones signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Jones signed the contract
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
Eite o Smith, o Tzoouns i o Anterson ypegrapse to symvolaio.
'ite o smiθ, o 'djouns 'i o 'anderson i'peɣrapse to sim'voleo.
Either the[m,nom] Smith, the[m,nom] Jones or the[m,nom] Anderson signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Either Smith, Jones or Anderson signed the contract.
An o Smith kai o Anterson den ypegrapsan to symvolaio, o Tzoouns ypegrapse to symvolaio?
an o smiΘ ce o 'anderson ðen i'peɣrapsan to sim'voleo, o 'dzouns i'peɣrapse to sim'voleo?
If the[m,nom] Smith and the[m,nom] Anderson not signed[past,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] contract[acc], the[m,nom] Jones signed[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc]?
If Smith and Anderson did not sign the contract, did Jones sign the contract?
An o Smith kai o Anterson den ypegrapsan to symvolaio, o Tzoouns ypegrapse to symvolaio.
an o smiΘ ce o 'anderson ðen i'peɣrapsan to sim'voleo, o 'dzouns i'peɣrapse to sim'voleo?
If the[m,nom] Smith and the[m,nom] Anderson not signed[past,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] contract[acc], the[m,nom] Jones signed[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
If Smith and Anderson did not sign the contract, Jones signed the contract.
Nai
ne
Yes
Akrivos dyo dikigoroi kai treis logistes ypegrapsan to symvolaio.
akri'vos 'ðio ðici'ɣori ce tris loʝi'stes i'peɣrapsan to sim'voleo.ɣ
Exactly two lawyers[nom] and three accountants[nom] signed[past,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Exactly two lawyers and three accountants signed the contract.
Ypegrapsan to symvolaio exi dikigoroi?
i'peɣrapsan to sim'voleo 'eksi ðici'ɣori?
Signed[past,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] six lawyers[nom] ?
Did six lawyers sign the contract?
Exi dikigoroi ypegrapsan to symvolaio.
'eksi ðici'ɣori i'peɣrapsan to sim'voleo.
Six lawyers[nom] signed[past,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Six lawyers signed the contract.
Ochi
'oçi
No
No scope relations between the two conjoined NPs.
Akrivos dyo dikigoroi kai treis logistes ypegrapsan to symvolaio.
akri'vos 'ðio ðici'ɣori ce tris loʝi'stes i'peɣrapsan to sim'voleo.
Exactly two lawyers[nom] and three accountants[nom] signed[past,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Exactly two lawyers and three accountants signed the contract.
Ypegrapsan to symvolaio exi logistes ?
i'peɣrapsan to sim'voleo 'eksi loʝi'stes?
Signed[past,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] six accountants[nom] ?
Did six accountants sign the contract?
Exi logistes ypegrapsan to symvolaio.
'eksi loʝi'stes i'peɣrapsan to sim'voleo.
Six accountants[nom] signed[past,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Six accountants signed the contract.
Ochi
'oçi
No
No scope relations between the two conjoined NPs.
Conjoined Nbars
Nbar conjunction tends to be quite ambiguous. This may be the result of a
syntactic ambiguity between (i) genuine Nbar conjunction, and (ii) NP
conjunction where the determiner of one of the NPs is ellided.
Kathe ekprosopos kai pelatis itan sti synantisi.
'kaθe ek'prosopos ce pe'latis 'itan sti si'nadisi.
Every representative[nom] and client[nom] was[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc].
Every representative and client was at the meeting.
Itan kathe ekprosopos sti synantisi?
'itan 'kaθe ek'prosopos sti si'nadisi?
Was[past,3.Sg] every representative[nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc]?
Was every representative at the meeting?
Kathe ekprosopos itan sti synantisi.
'kaθe ek'prosopos 'itan sti si'nadisi?
Every representative[nom] was[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc].
Every representative was at the meeting.
Nai,me mia proti anagnosi.
ne, me mɲa 'proti a'naɣnosi.
Yes, on one reading
Arguably NP conjunction: every representative and every client.
Kathe ekprosopos kai pelatis itan sti synantisi.
'kaθe ek'prosopos ce pe'latis 'itan sti si'nandisi.
Every representative[nom] and client[nom] was[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc].
Every representative and client was at the meeting.
Itan kathe ekprosopos sti synantisi?
'itan 'kaθe ek'prosopos ce pe'latis sti si'nandisi?
Was[past,3.Sg] every representative[nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc]?
Was every representative at the meeting?
Kathe ekprosopos itan sti synantisi.
'kaθe ek'prosopos 'itan sti si'nandisi
Every representative[nom] was[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc].
Every representative was at the meeting.
Den xero,me mia proti anagnosi.
ðen 'ksero, me mɲa 'proti a'naɣnosi.
Don't know, on one reading
NBar conjunction: everyone who is both a representative and a client.
Kathe ekprosopos i pelatis itan sti synantisi.
'kaθe ek'prosopos 'i pe'latis 'itan sti si'nadisi.
Every representative[nom] or client[nom] was[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc].
Every representative or client was at the meeting.
Itan kathe ekprosopos kai kathe pelatis sti synantisi?
'itan 'kaθe ek'prosopos ce pe'latis sti si'nadisi?
Was[past,3.Sg] every representative[nom] and every client[nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc]?
Was every representative and every client at the meeting?
Kathe ekprosopos kai kathe pelatis itan sti synantisi.
'kaθe ek'prosopos ce 'kaθe pe'latis 'itan sti si'nadisi.
Every representative[nom] and every client[nom] was[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc].
Every representative and every client was at the meeting.
Nai
ne
Yes
With disjunction, NP conjunction seems unavailable.
2.2 Definite Plurals
Definite plurals can often be non-anaphoric and behave like universally
quantified noun phrases (90). However, as with (generic) bare plurals, the
force of the quantification can also be less than universal (91). Whether this
lessening of quantificational force is due to the noun phrase or to the
predicate of which the NP is an argument is unclear (92, 93).
O proedros diavase dynata ta themata tis imerisias diataxis.
o 'proeðros 'ðʝavase ðina'ta ta 'θemata tis ime'risias ði'ataksis.
The[m,nom] chairman[nom] read[past,3.Sg] out the[neut,pl,acc] items[acc] the[f,gen] agenda[gen].
The chairman read out the items on the agenda.
O proedros diavase dynata kathe thema tis imerisias diataxis?
o 'proeðros 'ðʝavase ðina'ta 'kaθe 'θema tis ime'risias ði'ataksis?
The[m,nom] chairman[nom] read[past,3.Sg] out every item[neut,acc] the[f,gen] agenda[gen]?
Did the chairman read out every item on the agenda?
O proedros diavase dynata kathe thema tis imerisias diataxis.
o 'proeðros 'ðʝavase ðina'ta 'kaθe 'θema tis ime'risias ði'ataksis.
The[m,nom] chairman[nom] read[past,3.Sg] out every item[neut,acc] the[f,gen] agenda[gen].
The chairman read out every item on the agenda.
Nai
ne
Yes
The term "agenda" is translated by the two terms "ημερήσια διάταξη", literally meaning "daily set-up/ordinance".
Non-anaphoric, universal plural definite
Oi anthropoi pou itan sti synedriasi psiphisan gia neo proedro.
i 'anΘropi pu 'itan sti sine'ðriasi 'psifisan ʝa 'neo 'proeðro.
The[pl,nom] people[nom] who were[past,3.Pl] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc] voted[past,3.Pl] for new[m,acc] chairman[acc].
The people who were at the meeting voted for a new chairman.
Oloi sti synedriasi psiphisan gia neo proedro?
'oli sti sine'ðriasi 'psifisan ʝa 'neo 'proeðro?
Everyone[m,pl,nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc] vote[past,3.Pl] for new[m,acc] chairman[acc]?
Did everyone at the meeting vote for a new chairman?
Oloi sti synedriasi psiphisan gia neo proedro.
'oli sti sine'ðriasi 'psifisan ʝa 'neo 'proeðro.
Everyone[m,pl,nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc] voted[past,3.Pl] for new[m,acc] chairman[acc].
Everyone at the meeting voted for a new chairman.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
Some people may have abstained from the vote
Oloi oi anthropoi pou itan sti synedriasi psiphisan gia neo proedro.
'oli i 'anΘropi pu 'itan sti sine'ðriasi 'psifisan ʝa 'neo 'proeðro.
All[m,nom] the[pl,nom] people[nom] who were[past,3.Pl] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc] voted[past,3.Pl] for new[m,acc] chairman[acc].
All the people who were at the meeting voted for a new chairman.
Oloi sti synedriasi psiphisan gia neo proedro?
'oli sti sine'ðriasi 'psifisan ʝa 'neo 'proeðro?
Everyone[m,pl,nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc] vote[past,3.Pl] for new[m,acc] chairman[acc]?
Did everyone at the meeting vote for a new chairman?
Oloi sti synedriasi psiphisan gia neo proedro.
'oli sti sine'ðriasi 'psifisan ʝa 'neo 'proeðro.
Everyone[m,pl,nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc] voted[past,3.Pl] for new[m,acc] chairman[acc].
Everyone at the meeting voted for a new chairman.
Nai
ne
Yes
Oi anthropoi pou itan sti synedriasi,oloi psiphisan gia neo proedro.
i 'anθropi pu 'itan sti sine'ðriasi, 'oli 'psifisan ʝa 'neo 'proeðro.
The[pl,nom] people[nom] who were[past,3.Pl] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc], all[m,nom] voted[past,3.Pl] for new[m,acc] chairman[acc].
The people who were at the meeting all voted for a new chairman.
Oloi sti synedriasi psiphisan gia neo proedro?
'oli sti sine'ðriasi 'psifisan ʝa 'neo 'proeðro?
Everyone[m,pl,nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc] vote[past,3.Pl] for new[m,acc] chairman[acc]?
Did everyone at the meeting vote for a new chairman?
Oloi sti synedriasi psiphisan gia neo proedro.
'oli sti sine'ðriasi 'psifisan ʝa 'neo 'proeðro.
Everyone[m,pl,nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc] voted[past,3.Pl] for new[m,acc] chairman[acc].
Everyone at the meeting voted for a new chairman.
Nai
ne
Yes
Closely related to this, plural definites can have a
collective/institutional or even generic interpretation:
Oi katoitoi tou Kembritz psiphisan gia ypourgo ergasias.
i 'katici tu ˈkeimbridz 'psifisan ʝa ipur'ɣo erɣa'sias.
The[pl,nom] inhabitants[nom] the[neut,sg,gen] Cambridge voted[past,3.Pl] for MP[acc] Labour[acc].
The inhabitants of Cambridge voted for a Labour MP.
Kathe katoitos tou Kembritz psiphise gia ypourgo ergasias?
'kaθe 'katikos tu ˈkeimbridz 'psifise ʝa ipur'ɣo erɣa'sias?
Every inhabitant[nom] the[neut,sg,gen] Cambridge vote[past,3.Sg] for MP[acc] Labour[acc]?
Did every inhabitant of Cambridge vote for a Labour MP?
Kathe katoitos tou Kembritz psiphise gia ypourgo ergasias.
'kaθe 'katikos tu ˈkeimbridz 'psifise ʝa ipur'ɣo erɣa'sias.
Every inhabitant[nom] the[neut,sg,gen] Cambridge voted[past,3.Sg] for MP[acc] Labour[acc].
Every inhabitant of Cambridge voted for a Labour MP.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
Oi archaioi Ellines itan phimismenoi philosophoi.
i ar'çei 'elines 'itan fimi'smeni fi'losofi.
The[m,pl,nom] ancient[pl,nom] Greeks[m,nom] were[past,3.Pl] noted[m,pl,nom] philosophers[nom].
The Ancient Greeks were noted philosophers.
Kathe archaios Ellinas itan phimismenos philosophos?
'kaθe ar'çeos 'elinas 'itan fimi'smenos fi'losofos?
Every ancient[nom] Greek[m,nom] was[past,3.Sg] noted[m,sg,nom] philosopher[nom]?
Was every Ancient Greek a noted philosopher?
Kathe archaios Ellinas itan phimismenos philosophos.
'kaθe ar'çeos 'elinas 'itan fimi'smenos fi'losofos.
Every ancient[nom] Greek[m,nom] was[past,3.Sg] noted[m,sg,nom] philosopher[nom].
Every Ancient Greek was a noted philosopher.
Den xero
Don't know
ðen 'ksero
Oi archaioi Ellines itan oloi phimismenoi philosophoi.
i ar'çei 'elines 'itan 'oli fimi'smeni fi'losofi.
The[m,pl,nom] ancient[pl,nom] Greeks[m,nom] were[past,3.Pl] all[m,pl,nom] noted[m,pl,nom] philosophers[nom].
The Ancient Greeks were all noted philosophers.
Kathe archaios Ellinas itan phimismenos philosophos?
'kaθe' ar'çeos 'elinas 'itan fimi'smenos fi'losofos?
Every ancient[nom] Greek[m,nom] was[past,3.Sg] noted[m,sg,nom] philosopher[nom]?
Was every Ancient Greek a noted philosopher?
Kathe archaios Ellinas itan phimismenos philosophos.
'kaθe' ar'çeos 'elinas 'itan fimi'smenos fi'losofos.
Every ancient[nom] Greek[m,nom] was[past,3.Sg] noted[m,sg,nom] philosopher[nom].
Every Ancient Greek was a noted philosopher.
Nai
ne
Yes
2.3 Bare Plurals
Bare plurals can exhibit existential, (quasi) universal, generic or
dependent plural behaviour.
The circumstances giving rise to these different behaviours a poorly
understood, so we only give a few illustrative examples.
Ta sphalmata logismikou katigorithikan gia thn apotychia tou systimatos.
ta 'sfalmata loʝismi'ku katiɣo'riθikan ʝa tin apoti'çia tu si'stimatos.
The[neut,pl,nom] faults[nom] software[gen] blamed[past,3.Pl,passive] for the[acc] failure[acc] the[neut.gen] system[gen].
Software faults were blamed for the system failure.
I apotychia tou sistimatos apodothike se ena i perissotera sphalmata logismikou?
i apoti'çia tu si'stimatos apo'ðoθice se 'ena 'i peri'sotera 'sfalmata loʝismi'ku?
The[acc] failure[acc] the[neut.gen] system[gen] blamed[past,3.Sg,passive] to one[neut] or more[neut,pl,acc] faults[acc] software[gen]?
Was the system failure blamed on one or more software faults?
I apotychia tou sistimatos apodothike se ena i perissotera sphalmata logismikou.
i apoti'çia tu si'stimatos apo'ðoθice se 'ena 'i peri'sotera 'sfalmata loʝismi'ku.
The[acc] failure[acc] the[neut.gen] system[gen] blamed[past,3.Sg,passive] to one[neut] or more[neut,pl,acc] faults[acc] software[gen].
The system failure was blamed on one or more software faults.
Nai
ne
Yes
Existential bare plural
Distinction in the translation of the word "blame" in the premise and the question/hypothesis.
Ta sphalmata logismikou katigorithikan gia thn apotychia tou systimatos.
ta 'sfalmata loʝismi'ku katiɣo'riθikan ʝa tin apoti'çia tu si'stimatos.
The[neut,pl,nom] faults[nom] software[gen] blamed[past,3.Pl,passive] for the[acc] failure[acc] the[neut.gen] system[gen].
Software faults were blamed for the system failure.
To sphalma # 32-985 einai ena gnosto sphalma logismikou.
to 'sfalma # 32 - 985 'ine 'ena ɣno'sto 'sfalma loʝismi'ku.
The[neut,nom] fault[nom] # 32-985 is[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,nom] known[neut,nom] software[nom] fault[gen].
Bug # 32-985 is a known software fault.
To sphalma # 32-985 katigorithike gia tin apotychia tou systimatos?
to 'sfalma # 32 - 985 katiɣo'riΘice ʝa tin apoti'çia tu si'stimatos?
The[neut,nom] fault[nom] # 32-985 blamed[past,3.Sg,passive] for the[acc] failure[acc] the[neut.gen] system[gen]?
Was Bug # 32-985 blamed for the system failure?
To sphalma # 32-985 katigorithike gia tin apotychia tou systimatos.
to 'sfalma # 32 - 985 katiɣo'riΘice ʝa tin apoti'çia tu si'stimatos.
The[neut,nom] fault[nom] # 32-985 blamed[past,3.Sg,passive] for the[acc] failure[acc] the[neut,gen] system[gen].
Bug # 32-985 was blamed for the system failure.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
Existential interpretation: not every software fault contributed to the failure.
Oi pelates stin epideixi entyposiastikan oloi apo tin apodosi tou systimatos.
i pe'lates stin e'piðiksi enθusi'astikan 'oli a'po tin a'poðosi tu si'stimatos.
The[m,pl,nom] clients[nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] demonstration[acc] impressed[past,3.Pl,passive] all[m,pl,nom] by the[f,acc] performance[acc] the[neut,gen] system[gen].
Clients at the demonstration were all impressed by the system's performance.
O Smith itan pelatis stin epideixi.
o smiθ 'itan pe'latis stin e'piðiksi.
The[m,nom] Smith was[past,3.Sg] client[nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] demonstration[acc].
Smith was a client at the demonstration.
O Smith entyposiastike apo tin apodosi tou systimatos?
o smiθ endiposi'astice a'po tin a'poðosi tu si'stimatos?
The[m,nom] Smith impressed[past,3.Sg,passive] by the[f,acc] performance[acc] the[neut,gen] system[gen]?
Was Smith impressed by the system's performance?
O Smith entyposiastike apo tin apodosi tou systimatos.
o smiθ endiposi'astice a'po tin a'poðosi tu si'stimatos.
The[m,nom] Smith impressed[past,3.Sg,passive] by the[f,acc] performance[acc] the[neut,gen] system[gen].
Smith was impressed by the system's performance.
Nai
ne
Yes
(Quasi) universal bare plural
Oi pelates stin epideixi entyposiastikan apo tin apodosi tou systimatos.
i pe'lates stin e'piðiksi endiposi'astikan a'po tin a'poðosi tu si'stimatos.
The[m,pl,nom] clients[nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] demonstration[acc] impressed[past,3.Pl,passive] by the[f,acc] performance[acc] the[neut,gen] system[gen].
Clients at the demonstration were impressed by the system's performance.
Oi perissoteroi pelates stin epideixi entyposiastikan apo tin apodosi tou systimatos?
i peri'soteri pe'lates stin e'piðiksi endiposi'astikan a'po tin a'poðosi tu si'stimatos?
The[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] clients[nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] demonstration[acc] impressed[past,3.Pl,passive] by the[f,acc] performance[acc] the[neut,gen] system[gen]?
Were most clients at the demonstration impressed by the system's performance?
Oi perissoteroi pelates stin epideixi entyposiastikan apo tin apodosi tou systimatos.
i peri'soteri pe'lates stin e'piðiksi endiposi'astikan a'po tin a'poðosi tu si'stimatos
The[m,pl,nom] most[m,pl,nom] clients[nom] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] demonstration[acc] impressed[past,3.Pl,passive] by the[f,acc] performance[acc] the[neut,gen] system[gen].
Most clients at the demonstration were impressed by the system's performance.
Nai
ne
Yes
(Quasi) universal bare plural
Oi apophoitoi panepistimiou apoteloun kakous chrimatistes.
i a'pofiti panepisti'miu apote'lun ka'kus xrimati'stes.
The[m,pl,nom] graduates[nom] university[gen] make[pres,3.Pl,subj] poor[m,pl,acc] stock-market traders[acc].
University graduates make poor stock-market traders.
O Smith einai apophoitos panepistimiou.
o smiθ 'ine a'pofitos panepisti'miu.
The[m,nom] Smith is[pres,3.Sg] graduate[nom] university[gen].
Smith is a university graduate.
Einai pithanon o Smith na apotelei kako chrimatisti?
'ine piθa'non o smiθ na apote'li ka'ko xrimati'sti?
Is[pres,3.Sg] likely the[m,nom] Smith to make[pres,3.Sg,subj] poor[m,sg,acc] stock-market trader[acc]?
Is Smith likely to make a poor stock market trader?
O Smith einai pithanon na apotelei kako chrimatisti.
o smiθ 'ine piθa'non na apote'li ka'ko xrimati'sti.
The[m,nom] Smith is[pres,3.Sg] likely to make[pres,3.Sg,subj] poor[m,sg,acc] stock-market trader[acc]?
Smith is likely to make a poor stock market trader
Nai
ne
Yes
Generic interpretation
Oi apophoitoi panepistimiou apoteloun kakous chrimatistes.
i a'pofiti tu panepisti'miu apote'lun ka'kus xrimati'stes.
The[m,pl,nom] graduates[nom] university[gen] make[pres,3.Pl,subj] poor[m,pl,acc] stock-market traders[acc].
University graduates make poor stock-market traders.
O Smith einai apophoitos panepistimiou.
o smiθ 'ine a'pofitos panepisti'miu
The[m,nom] Smith is[pres,3.Sg] graduate[nom] university[gen].
Smith is a university graduate.
Tha apotelesei o Smith kako chrimatisti?
θa apote'lesi o smiθ ka'ko xrimati'sti?
Will make[fut,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith poor[m,sg,acc] stock-market trader[acc]?
Will Smith make a poor stock market trader?
O Smith tha apotelesei kako chrimatisti.
o smiθ θa apote'lesi ka'ko xrimati'sti.
The[m,nom] Smith will make[fut,3.Sg] poor[m,sg,acc] stock-market trader[acc]?
Smith will make a poor stock market trader.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
Generic interpretation
Oloi oi dieythintes tis APCOM echoun etairika aytokinita.
'oli i ðiefθin'des tis APKOM 'exun eteri'ka afto'cinita.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] managers[nom] the[f,gen] APCOM have[pres,3.Pl] company[neut,pl,acc] cars[acc].
All APCOM managers have company cars.
O Tzoouns einai dieythintis stin APCOM.
o 'dzouns 'ine ðiefθin'dis stin APKOM.
The[m,nom] Jones is[pres,3.Sg] manager[nom] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] APCOM.
Jones is an APCOM manager.
Echei o Tzoouns etairiko autokinito?
'eçi o 'dzouns eteri'ko afto'cinito?
Have[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones company[neut,sg,acc] car[acc]?
Does Jones have a company car?
O Tzoouns echei etairiko autokinito.
o 'dzouns 'eçi eteri'ko afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] Jones have[pres,3.Sg] company[neut,sg,acc] car[acc].
Jones has a company car.
Nai
ne
Yes
Oloi oi dieythintes tis APCOM echoun etairika aytokinita.
'oli i ðiefθin'des tis APKOM 'exun eteri'ka afto'cinita.
All[m,pl,nom] the[m,pl,nom] managers[nom] the[f,gen] APCOM have[pres,3.Pl] company[neut,pl,acc] cars[acc].
All APCOM managers have company cars.
O Tzoouns einai dieythintis stin APCOM.
o 'dzouns 'ine diefΘin'dis stin APKOM.
The[m,nom] Jones is[pres,3.Sg] manager[nom] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] APCOM.
Jones is an APCOM manager.
Echei o Tzoouns pano apo ena etairiko autokinito?
'eçi o 'dzouns 'pano a'po 'ena eteri'ko afto'cinito?
Have[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones more than one[neut,acc] company[neut,sg,acc] car[acc]?
Does Jones have more than one company car?
O Tzoouns echei pano apo ena etairiko autokinito.
o 'dzouns 'eçi 'pano a'po 'ena eteri'ko afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] Jones have[pres,3.Sg] more than one[neut,acc] company[neut,sg,acc] car[acc].
Jones has more than one company car.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
Mono enas logistis paresti sti syskepsi.
'mono 'enas loʝi'stis pa'resti sti 'siscepsi.
Only one[m,nom] accountant[nom] attended[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc].
Just one accountant attended the meeting.
Kanenas apo tous logistes den paresti sti syskepsi?
ka'nenas a'po tus loʝi'stes ðen pa'resti sti 'siscepsi?
No[m,nom] from the[m,pl,acc] accountants[acc] not attended[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc]?
Did no accountants attend the meeting?
Kanenas apo tous logistes den paresti sti syskepsi.
ka'nenas a'po tus loʝi'stes ðen pa'resti sti 'siscepsi.
No[m,nom] from the[m,pl,acc] accountants[acc] not attended[past,3.Pl] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc].
No accountants attended the meeting.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Mono enas logistis paresti sti syskepsi.
'mono 'enas loʝi'stis pa'resti sti 'siscepsi.
Only one[m,nom] accountant[nom] attended[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc].
Just one accountant attended the meeting.
Kanenas logistis den paresti sti syskepsi?
kan'enas loʝi'stis ðen pa'resti sti 'siscepsi?
No[m,nom] accountant[acc] not attended[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc]?
Did no accountant attend the meeting?
Kanenas logistis den paresti sti syskepsi.
kan'enas loʝi'stis ðen pa'resti sti 'siscepsi.
No[m,nom] accountant[acc] not attended[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc].
No accountant attended the meeting.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Mono enas logistis paresti sti syskepsi.
'mono 'enas loʝi'stis pa'resti sti 'siscepsi.
Only one[m,nom] accountant[nom] attended[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc.
Just one accountant attended the meeting.
Kapoioi logistes parestisan sti syskepsi?
'kapçi loʝi'stes pa'restisan sti 'siscepsi?
Any[m,pl,nom] accountants[acc] attended[past,3.Pl] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc]?
Did any accountants attend the meeting?
Orismenoi logistes parestisan sti syskepsi.
ori'smeni loʝi'stes pa'restisan sti 'siscepsi.
Some[m,pl,nom] accountants[acc] attended[past,3.Pl] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc].
Some accountants attended the meeting.
Nai
ne
Yes
Mono enas logistis paresti sti syskepsi.
'mono 'enas loʝi'stis pa'resti sti 'siscepsi.
Only one[m,nom] accountant[nom] attended[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc].
Just one accountant attended the meeting.
Kapoioi logistes parestisan sti syskepsi?
'kapçi loʝi'stes pa'restisan sti 'siscepsi?
Any[m,sg,nom] accountants[acc] attended[past,3.Pl] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc]?
Did any accountants attend the meeting?
Kapoios logistis paresti sti syskepsi.
'kapços loʝi'stis pa'resti sti 'siscepsi.
Some[m,sg,nom] accountant[acc] attended[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc].
Some accountant attended the meeting.
Nai
ne
Yes
Mono enas logistis paresti sti syskepsi.
'mono 'enas loʝi'stis pa'resti sti 'siscepsi.
Only one[m,nom] accountant[nom] attended[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc].
Just one accountant attended the meeting.
Orismenoi logistes parestisan sti syskepsi?
ori'smeni loʝi'stes pa'restisan sti 'siscepsi?
Some[m,pl,nom] accountants[acc] attended[past,3.Pl] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc]?
Did some accountants attend the meeting?
Orismenoi logistes parestisan sti syskepsi.
ori'smeni loʝi'stes pa'restisan sti 'siscepsi.
Some[m,pl,nom] accountants[acc] attended[past,3.Pl] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc].
Some accountants attended the meeting.
Ochi, mono enas
'oçi 'mono 'enas
No, just one
Mono enas logistis paresti sti syskepsi.
'mono 'enas loʝi'stis pa'resti sti 'siscepsi.
Only one[m,nom] accountant[nom] attended[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc].
Just one accountant attended the meeting.
Kapoios logistis paresti sti syskepsi?
'kapços loʝi'stis pa'resti sti 'siscepsi?
Some[m,sg,nom] accountant[acc] attended[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc]?
Did some accountant attend the meeting?
Kapoios logistis paresti sti syskepsi.
'kapços loʝi'stis pa'resti sti 'siscepsi.
Some[m,sg,nom] accountant[acc] attended[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc].
Some accountant attended the meeting.
Nai
ne
Yes
2.6 Collective and Distributive Plurals
O Smith ypegrapse ena symvolaio.
o smiθ i'peɣrapse 'ena sim'voleo.
The[m,nom] Smith signed[past,3.Sg] one[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Smith signed one contract.
O Tzoouns ypegrapse ena allo symvolaio.
o 'dzouns i'peɣrapse 'ena 'alo sim'voleo.
The[m,nom] Smith signed[past,3.Sg] one[neut,acc] other[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Jones signed another contract.
O Smith kai o Tzoouns ypegrapsan dyo symvolaia?
o smiΘ ce o 'dzouns i'peɣrapsan 'ðio sim'volea?
The[m,nom] Smith and the[m,nom] Jones sign[past,3.Pl] two contracts[acc]?
Did Smith and Jones sign two contracts?
O Smith kai o Tzoouns ypegrapsan dyo symvolaia.
o smiΘ ce o 'dzouns i'peɣrapsan 'ðio sim'volea.
The[m,nom] Smith and the[m,nom] Jones signed[past,3.Pl] two contracts[acc].
Smith and Jones signed two contracts.
Nai,se mia syllogiki/ athroistiki anagnosi tou symperasmatos.
ne, se 'mia siloʝisti'ci / aΘristi'ci a'naɣnosi tu simbe'rasmatos.
Yes, on a collective/cumulative reading of the conclusion.
O Smith ypegrapse dyo symvolaia.
o smiθ i'peɣrapse 'ðio sim'volea.
The[m,nom] Smith signed[past,3.Sg] two contracts[acc].
Smith signed two contracts.
O Tzoouns ypegrapse dyo symvolaia.
o 'dzouns' i'peɣrapse 'ðio sim'volea.
The[m,nom] Jones signed[past,3.Sg] two contracts[acc].
Jones signed two contracts.
O Smith kai o Tzoouns ypegrapsan dyo symvolaia?
o smiθ ce o 'dzouns i'peɣrapsan 'ðio sim'volea?
The[m,nom] Smith and the[m,nom] Jones sign[past,3.Pl] two contracts[acc]?
Did Smith and Jones sign two contracts?
O Smith kai o Tzoouns ypegrapsan dyo symvolaia.
o smiθ ce o 'dzouns i'peɣrapsan 'ðio sim'volea.
The[m,nom] Smith and the[m,nom] Jones signed[past,3.Pl] two contracts[acc].
Smith and Jones signed two contracts.
Nai,se mia dianemitiki anagnosi tou "Smith and Tzoouns".
ne, se 'mia ðianemiti'ci a'naɣnosi tu smiθ ce 'dzouns.
Yes, on a distributive reading of "Smith and Jones".
O Smith ypegrapse dyo symvolaia.
o smiθ i'peɣrapse 'ðio sim'volea.
The[m,nom] Smith signed[past,3.Sg] two contracts[acc].
Smith signed two contracts.
O Tzoouns episis ta ypegrapse.
o 'dzouns e'pisis ta i'peɣrapse.
The[m,nom] Jones also them[neut,acc] signed[past,3.Sg] .
Jones also signed them.
O Smith kai o Tzoouns ypegrapsan dyo symvolaia?
o smiθ ce o 'dzouns i'peɣrapsan 'ðio sim'volea?
The[m,nom] Smith and the[m,nom] Jones signepast,3.Pl] two contracts[acc]?
Did Smith and Jones sign two contracts?
O Smith kai o Tzoouns ypegrapsan dyo symvolaia.
o smiθ ce o 'dzouns i'peɣrapsan 'ðio sim'volea.
The[m,nom] Smith and the[m,nom] Jones signed[past,3.Pl] two contracts[acc].
Smith and Jones signed two contracts.
Nai
ne
Yes
3 (NOMINAL) ANAPHORA
In the examples below we make the assumption (unless otherwise
indicated) that there is no context beyond that provided by the
mini-discourse. This is so that we can do away with explicit co-indexing
of pronouns with their antecedents, on the grounds that context will
provide only (or sometimes a strictly limited number) of possible
antecedents.
3.1 Intra-Sentential
I Mairi chrisimopoiise to grafeio tis.
i 'meri xrisimo'piise to ɣra'fio tis.
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] used[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] workstation[acc] her[gen].
Mary used her workstation.
Chrisimopoiithike to grafeio tis Mairis?
xrisimopi'iθice to ɣra'fio tis 'meris?
Used[past,3.Sg,passive] the[neut,nom] workstation[nom] the[f,gen] Mary [gen]?
Was Mary's workstation used?
To grafeio tis Mairis chrisimopoiithike.
to ɣra'fio tis 'meris xrisimopi'iθice.
The[neut,nom] workstation[nom] the[f,gen] Mary [gen] used[past,3.Sg,passive].
Mary's workstation was used.
Nai
ne
Yes
I Mairi chrisimopoiise to grafeio tis.
i 'meri xrisimo'piise to ɣra'fio tis.
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] used[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] workstation[acc] her[gen].
Mary used her workstation.
Echei i Mairi grafeio?
'eçi i 'meri ɣra'fio?
Have[pres,3.Sg] the[f,nom] Mary[nom] workstation[acc]?
Does Mary have a workstation?
I Mairi echei grafeio.
i 'meri 'eçi ɣra'fio.
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] has[past,3.Sg] workstation[acc].
Mary has a workstation.
Nai
ne
Yes
I Mairi chrisimopoiise to grafeio tis.
i 'meri xrisimo'piise to γra'fio tis.
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] used[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] workstation[acc] her[gen].
Mary used her workstation.
I Mairi einai gynaika?
i 'meri 'ine ʝi'ɲeka?
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] female[nom]?
Is Mary female?
I Mairi einai gynaika.
i 'meri 'ine ʝi'ɲeka.
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] female[nom].
Mary is female.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kathe mathitis chrisimopoiise to grafeio tis.
'kaθe maθi'tis xrisimo'piise to γra'fio tis.
Every student[m,nom] used[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] workstation[acc] her[gen].
Every student used her workstation.
I Mairi einai mathitria.
i 'meri 'ine ma'θitria.
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] student[f,nom].
Mary is a student.
Chrisimopoiise i Mairi to grafeio tis?
xrisimo'piise i 'meri to γra'fio tis?
Used[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] Mary[nom] the[neut,acc] workstation[acc] her[gen]?
Did Mary use her workstation?
I Mairi chrisimopoiise to grafeio tis.
i 'meri xrisimo'piise to γra'fio tis.
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] used[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] workstation[acc] her[gen].
Mary used her workstation.
nai
ne
Yes
Kathe mathitis chrisimopoiise to grafeio tis.
'kaθe maθi'tis xrisimo'piise to γra'fio tis.
Every student[m,nom] used[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] workstation[acc] her[gen].
Every student used her workstation.
I Mairi einai mathitria.
i 'meri 'ine ma'θitria.
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] student[f,nom].
Mary is a student.
Echei i Mairi grafeio?
'eçi i 'meri γra'fio?
Have[pres,3.Sg] the[f,nom] Mary[nom] workstation[acc]?
Does Mary have a workstation?
I Mairi echei grafeio.
i 'meri 'eçi γra'fio.
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] has[pres,3.Sg] workstation[acc].
Mary has a workstation.
nai
ne
Yes
Kanenas mathitis den chrisimopoiise to grafeio tis.
ka'nenas maθi'tis ðen xrisimo'piise to γra'fio tis.
No[m,nom] student[m,nom] not used[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] workstation[acc] her[gen].
No student used her workstation.
I Mairi einai mathitria.
i 'meri 'ine ma'θitria.
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] student[f,nom].
Mary is a student.
Chrisimopoiise i Mairi ena grafeio?
xrisimo'piise i 'meri 'ena γra'fio?
Used[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] Mary[nom] a[neut,acc] workstation[acc]?
Did Mary use a workstation?
I Mairi chrisimopoiise ena grafeio.
i 'meri xrisimo'piise 'ena γra'fio.
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] used[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] workstation[acc].
Mary used a workstation.
οxi
'οçi
No
3.2 Inter-Sentential
I Smith paresti sti syskepsi.
i smiθ pa'resti sti 'siscepsi.
The[f,nom] Smith attended[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,sg,f,acc] meeting[acc].
Smith attended a meeting.
Ayti tin proedrephse.
af'ti tin pro'eðrefse.
She it[f,acc] chaired[past,3.Sg].
She chaired it.
I Smith proedrephse mia syskepsi?
i smiθ pro'eðrefse 'mia 'siscepsi?
The[f,nom] Smith chair[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] meeting[acc]?
Did Smith chair a meeting?
I Smith proedrephse mia syskepsi.
i smiθ pro'eðrefse 'mia 'siscepsi.
The[f,nom] Smith chaired[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] meeting[acc].
Smith chaired a meeting.
Nai
ne
Yes
I Smith paredose mia anafora stin ITEL.
i smiθ pa'reðose 'mia anafo'ra stin i'tel.
The[f,nom] Smith delivered[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] to the[contr,sg,f,acc] ITEL.
Smith delivered a report to ITEL.
Tous paredose episis ena timologio.
tus pa'reðose e'pisis 'ena timo'loʝio.
Them[m,acc] delivered[past,3.Sg] also an[neut,acc] invoice[acc].
She also delivered them an invoice.
Kai tous paredose mia protasi ergou.
ce tus pa'reðose 'mia 'protasi 'erγu.
And them[m,acc] delivered[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] proposal[acc] project[gen].
And she delivered them a project proposal.
Paredose i Smith mia anafora, ena timologio kai mia protasi ergou stin ITEL?
pa'reðose i smiθ 'mia anafo'ra, 'ena timo'loʝio ce 'mia 'protasi 'erγu stin i'tel?
Delivered[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] Smith a[f,acc] report[acc], an[neut,acc] invoice[acc] and a[f,acc] proposal[acc] project[gen] to the[contr,sg,f,acc] ITEL?
Did Smith deliver a report, an invoice and a project proposal to ITEL?
I Smith paredose mia anafora, ena timologio kai mia protasi ergou stin ITEL.
i smiθ pa'reðose 'mia anafo'ra, 'ena timo'loʝio ce 'mia 'protasi 'erγu stin i'tel?.
The[f,nom] Smith delivered[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc], an[neut,acc] invoice[acc] and a[f,acc] proposal[acc] project[gen] to the[contr,sg,f,acc] ITEL.
Smith delivered a report, an invoice and a project proposal to ITEL.
nai
ne
Yes
Keeping track of same entities across more than two sentences.
Kathe epitropi echei ena proedro.
'kaθe e'pitropi 'eçi 'ena 'proeðro.
Every committee[nom] has[pres,3.Sg] a[acc] chairman[acc].
Every committee has a chairman.
Autos diorizetai apo ta meli tis.
af'tos ðio'rizete a'po ta 'meli tis.
He appointed[pres,3.Sg,passive] by the[neut,acc] members[acc] its[f,gen].
He is appointed by its members.
Kathe epitropi echei ena proedro diorismeno apo meli tis epitropis?
'eçi 'kaθe epitro'pi 'ena 'proeðro ðiori'zmeno a'po 'meli tis epitro'pis?
Have[pres,3.Sg] every committee[nom] a[acc] chairman[acc] appointed[acc] by members[acc] the[gen] committee[gen]?
Does every committee have a chairman appointed by members of the committee?
'kaθe epitro'pi 'eçi 'ena 'proeðro ðioriz'meno a'po 'meli tis epitro'pis.
'kaθe epitro'pi 'eçi 'ena 'proeðro ðioriz'meno a'po 'meli tis epitro'pis.
Every committee[nom] have[pres,3.Sg] a[acc] chairman[acc] appointed[acc] by members[acc] the[gen] committee[gen].
Every committee has a chairman appointed by members of the committee.
Nai
ne
Yes
Modal subordination.
3.3 Plural Anaphora
I ITEL echei steilei tis perissoteres apo tis anafores pou chreiazetai i Smith.
i i'tel eçi 'stili tis peri'soteres a'po tis anafo'res pu xri'azete i smiθ.
The[f,nom] ITEL has sent[pres.perf,3.Sg] the[f,acc] most[acc] of the[f,acc] reports[acc] that needs[pres,3.Sg] the[f,nom] Smith.
ITEL has sent most of the reports Smith needs.
Aphtes einai sto grafeio tis.
αf'tes 'ine sto γra'fio tis.
They[f,nom] are[pres,3.Pl] on the[contr,neut,sg,acc] desk[acc] her[gen].
They are on her desk.
Yparchoun orismenes anafores apo tin ITEL sto grafeio tis Smith?
i'parxun ori'zmenes anafo'res a'po tin i'tel sto γra'fio tis smiθ?
Exist[pres,3.Pl] some[f,pl,nom] reports[nom] from the[f,acc] ITEL on the[contr,neut,sg,acc] desk[acc] the[f,gen] Smith?
Are there some reports from ITEL on Smith's desk?
Yparchoun orismenes anafores apo tin ITEL sto grafeio tis Smith.
i'parxun oriz'menes anafo'res apo tin i'tel sto γra'fio tis smiθ.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] some[f,pl,nom] reports[nom] from the[f,acc] ITEL on the[contr,neut,sg,acc] desk[acc] the[f,gen] Smith.
There are some reports from ITEL on Smith's desk.
Nai
ne
Yes
Dyo apo tis deka michanes leipoun.
'ðio a'po tis 'ðeka mixa'nes 'lipun.
Two of the[f,acc] ten machines[acc] miss[pres,3.Pl].
Two out of ten machines are missing.
Aphtes echoun afairethei.
af'tes 'exoun afere'θi.
They[f,nom] have removed[pres.perf,3.Pl,passive].
They have been removed.
Echoun afairethei dyo michanes?.
'exun afere'θi 'ðio mixa'nes?.
Have removed[pres.perf,3.Pl,passive] two machines[nom]?
Have two machines been removed?
Dyo michanes echoun afairethei.
'ðio mixa'nes 'exun afere'θi.
Two machines[nom] have removed[pres.perf,3.Pl,passive].
Two machines have been removed.
Nai
ne
Yes
Dyo apo tis deka michanes leipoun.
'ðio a'po tis 'ðeka mixa'nes 'lipun.
Two of the[f,acc] ten machines[acc] miss[pres,3.Pl].
Two out of ten machines are missing.
Aphtes echoun afairethei
af'tes 'exun afere'θi.
They[f,nom] have removed[pres.perf,3.Pl,passive].
They have been removed.
Echoun afairethei okto michanes?
'exun afere'θi ok'to mixa'nes?
Have removed[pres.perf,3.Pl,passive] eight machines[nom]?
Have eight machines been removed?
Okto michanes echoun afairethei
ok'to mixa'nes 'exun afere'θi.
Eight machines[nom] have removed[pres.perf,3.Pl,passive].
Okto machines have been removed.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Set difference can't be used to construct plural antecedents
Dyo apo tis deka michanes leipoun.
'ðio a'po tis 'ðeka mixa'nes 'lipun.
Two of the[f,acc] ten machines[acc] miss[pres,3.Pl].
Two out of ten machines are missing.
Itan oles edo chthes.
'itan 'oles e'ðo xθes.
Were[past,3.Pl] all[f,nom] here yesterday.
They were all here yesterday.
Itan deka michanes edo chthes?
'itan 'ðeka mixa'nes e'ðo xθes?
Were[past,3.Pl] ten machines[nom] here yesterday?
Were ten machines here yesterday?
Deka michanes itan edo chthes.
'ðeka mixa'nes 'itan e'ðo xθes.
Ten machines[nom] were[past,3.Pl] here yesterday.
Ten machines were here yesterday.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith pire mia michani ti Triti kai o Tzoouns pire mia michani ti Tetarti.
o smiθ 'pire mia mixa'ni ti 'triti ke o dzouns 'pire 'mia mixa'ni ti te'tarti.
The[m,nom] Smith took[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] machine[acc] the[f,acc] Tuesday and the[m,nom] Jones took[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] machine[acc] the[f,acc] Wednesday.
Smith took a machine on Tuesday, and Jones took a machine on Wednesday.
Tis evalan sto choro anamonis.
tis 'evalan sto 'xoro anamo'nis.
Them[f,acc] put[past.3.Pl] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] lobby[acc].
They put them in the lobby.
Evalan o Smith kai o Tzoouns dio michanes sto choro anamonis?
'evalan o 'smiθ ce o dzouns 'ðio mixa'nes sto 'xoro anamo'nis?
Put[past.3.Pl] the[m,nom] Smith and the[m,nom] Jones two machines[acc] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] lobby[acc]?
Did Smith and Jones put two machines in the lobby?
O Smith kai o Tzoouns evalan dio michanes sto choro anamonis.
o 'smiθ ce o dzouns 'evalan 'ðio mixa'nes sto 'xoro anamo'nis.
The[m,nom] Smith and the[m,nom] Jones put[past.3.Pl] two machines[acc] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] lobby[acc].
Smith and Jones put two machines in the lobby.
Nai,se mia dianemitiki anagnosi tis erotisis.
ne, se mia ðjanemiti'ci a'naγnosi tis e'rotisis.
Yes, on a distributive reading of the question.
Construction of plural antecedents from separate constituents.
O Giannis kai oi synadelfoi tou pigan se mia syskepsi.
ο 'ʝanis ce i si'naðelfi tu 'piγan se 'mia 'siskepsi.
The[m,nom] John and the[m,pl,nom] colleagues[nom] his[gen] went[past,3.Pl] to a[f,acc] meeting[acc].
John and his colleagues went to a meeting.
ti misisan.
ti 'misisan.
It[f,acc] hated[past,3.Pl].
They hated it.
Oi synadelfoi tou Gianni misisan ti syskepsi?
i si'naðelfi tu 'ʝani 'misisan ti 'siskepsi?
The[m,pl,nom] colleagues[nom] the[m,gen] John[gen] hate[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] meeting[acc]?
Did John's colleagues hate the meeting?
Oi synadelfoi tou Gianni misisan ti syskepsi.
i si'naðelfi tu 'ʝani 'misisan ti 'siskepsi.
The[m,pl,nom] colleagues[nom] the[m,gen] John[gen] hated[past,3.Pl] the[f,acc] meeting[acc].
John's colleagues hated the meeting.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Giannis kai oi synadelfoi tou pigan se mia syskepsi.
o 'ʝanis ce i si'naðelfi tu 'piγan se mia 'siscepsi.
The[m,nom] John and the[m,pl,nom] colleagues[nom] his[gen] went[past,3.Pl] to a[f,acc] meeting[acc].
John and his colleagues went to a meeting.
ti misisan.
ti 'misisan.
It[f,acc] hated[past,3.Pl].
They hated it.
O Giannis misise ti syskepsi?
o 'ʝanis 'misise ti 'siscepsi?
The[m,nom] John[nom] hate[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] meeting[acc]?
Did John hate the meeting?
O Giannis misise ti syskepsi.
o 'ʝanis 'misise ti 'siscepsi.
The[m,nom] John[nom] hateδ[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] meeting[acc].
John hated the meeting.
Nai,me mia pithani anagnosi.
ne, me 'mia piθa'ni a'naγnosi.
Yes, on one possible reading.
"They" can be resolved to John and his colleagues.
O Giannis kai oi synadelfoi tou pigan se mia syskepsi.
ο 'ʝanis ce i si'naðe'lfi tu 'piγan se 'mia 'siscepsi.
The[m,nom] John and the[m,pl,nom] colleagues[nom] his[gen] went[past,3.Pl] to a[f,acc] meeting[acc].
John and his colleagues went to a meeting.
ti misisan.
ti 'misisan
It[f,acc] hated[past,3.Pl].
They hated it.
O Giannis misise ti syskepsi?
o 'ʝanis 'misise ti 'siscepsi?
The[m,nom] John[nom] hate[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] meeting[acc]?
Did John hate the meeting?
O Giannis misise ti syskepsi.
o 'ʝanis 'misise ti 'siscepsi.
The[m,nom] John[nom] hate[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] meeting[acc].
John hated the meeting.
Den ksero ,me mia pithani anagnosi.
ðeŋ 'ksero, me 'mia piθa'ni a'naγnosi.
Don't know, on one possible reading
"They" can also be resolved to John's colleagues but not John.
Kathe tmima echei mia apokleistiki grammi.
'kaθe 'tmima 'eçi 'mia apoklisti'ci γra'mi.
Each department[nom] has[pres,3.Sg] a[f,acc] dedicated[f,acc] line[acc].
Each department has a dedicated line.
Tis noikiazoun apo ti BT.
tis ni'cazun a'po ti 'biti.
Them[f,acc] rent[pres,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] BT.
They rent them from BT.
Noikiazei kathe tmima mia grammi apo ti BT?
ni'cazi 'kaθe 'tmima 'mia γra'mi a'po ti bi'ti?
Rent[pres,3.Sg] every department[nom] a[f,acc] line[acc] from the[f,acc] BT?
Does every department rent a line from BT?
Kathe tmima noikiazei mia grammi apo ti BT.
'kaθe 'tmima ni'cazi 'mia γra'mi a'po ti bi'ti.
Every department[nom] rent[pres,3.Sg] a[f,acc] line[acc] from the[f,acc] BT.
Every department rents a line from BT.
Nai
ne
Yes
Dependent plural anaphora
Kathe tmima echei mia apokleistiki grammi.
'kaθe 'tmima 'eçi 'mia apoklisti'ci γra'mi.
Each department[nom] has[pres,3.Sg] a[f,acc] dedicated[f,acc] line[acc].
Each department has a dedicated line.
To tmima poliseon ti noikiazei apo ti BT.
to 'tmima po'liseon ti ni'cazi a'po ti bi'ti.
The[neut,nom] department[nom] sales[gen] it[f,acc] rents[pres,3.Sg] from the[f,acc] BT.
The sales department rents it from BT.
Noikiazei to tmima poliseon mia grammi apo ti BT?
ni'cazi to 'tmima po'liseon 'mia γra'mi a'po ti bi'ti?
Rent[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] department[nom] sales[gen] a[f,acc] line[acc] from the[f,acc] BT?
Does the sales department rent a line from BT?
To tmima poliseon noikiazei mia grammi apo ti BT.
to 'tmima po'liseon ni'cazi 'mia γra'mi a'po ti bi'ti.
The[neut,nom] department[nom] sales[gen] rents[pres,3.Sg] a[f,acc] line[acc] from the[f,acc] BT.
The sales department rents a line from BT.
Nai
ne
Yes
Paycheque pronoun
3.4 E-type and Donkey Pronouns
I GFI diathetei arketous ypologistes.
i γfi ðʝa'θeti arce'tus ipoloʝi'stes.
The[f,nom] GFI owns[pres,3.Sg] several[m,acc] computers[acc].
GFI owns several computers.
I ITEL tous syntirei.
i i'tel tus sidi'ri.
The[f,nom] ITEL them[m,acc] maintains[pres,3.Sg].
ITEL maintains them.
I ITEL syntirei olous tous ypologistes pou diathetei i GFI?
i i'tel sidi'ri 'olus tus ipoloʝi'stes pu ðja'θeti i γfi?
The[f,nom] ITEL maintains[pres,3.Sg] all[m,acc] the[m,pl,acc] computers[acc] that owns[pres,3.Sg] the[f,nom] GFI?
Does ITEL maintain all the computers that GFI owns?
I ITEL syntirei olous tous ypologistes pou diathetei i GFI.
i i'tel sidi'ri 'olus tus ipoloʝi'stes pu ðja'θeti i γfi.
The[f,nom] ITEL maintains[pres,3.Sg] all[m,acc] the[m,pl,acc] computers[acc] that owns[pres,3.Sg] the[f,nom] GFI.
ITEL maintains all the computers that GFI owns.
Nai
ne
Yes
E-type anaphora
Kathe pelatis pou diathetei enan ypologisti echei ena symvolaio syntirisis gia auton.
'kaθe pe'latis pu ðʝa'θeti 'enan ipoloʝi'sti 'eçi 'ena sim'voleo si'dirisis ʝa af'ton.
Every customer[nom] who owns[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] computer[acc] has[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] contract[acc] service[gen] for it[m,acc].
Every customer who owns a computer has a service contract for it.
I MFI einai enas pelatis pou diathetei akrivos enan ypologisti.
i mfi 'ine 'enas pe'latis pu ðʝa'θeti akri'vos 'enan ipoloʝi'sti.
The[f,nom] MFI is[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,nom] customer[nom] that owns[pres,3.Sg] exactly one[m,acc] computer[acc].
MFI is a customer that owns exactly one computer.
I MFI echei ena symvolaio syntirisis gia olous tous ypologistes tis?
i mfi 'eçi 'ena sim'voleo si'dirisis ʝa 'olus tus ipoloʝi'stes tis?
The[f,nom] MFI have[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] contract[acc] service[gen] for all[m,acc] the[m,pl,acc] computers[acc] its[f,gen]?
Does MFI have a service contract for all its computers?
I MFI echei ena symvolaio syntirisis gia olous tous ypologistes tis.
i mfi 'eçi 'ena sim'voleo si'dirisis ʝa 'olus tus ipoloʝi'stes tis.
The[f,nom] MFI have[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] contract[acc] service[gen] for all[m,acc] the[pl,acc] computers[acc] its[f,gen].
MFI has a service contract for all its computers.
nai
ne
Yes
Donkey sentence
Kathe pelatis pou diathetei enan ypologisti echei ena symvolaio syntirisis gia auton.
'kaθe pe'latis pu ðʝa'θeti 'enan ipoloγi'sti 'eçi 'ena sim'voleo sι'dirisis ʝa af'ton.
Every customer[nom] who owns[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] computer[acc] has[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] contract[acc] service[gen] for it[m,acc].
Every customer who owns a computer has a service contract for it.
I MFI einai enas pelatis pou diathetei arketous ypologistes.
i mfi 'ine 'enas pe'latis pu ðʝa'θeti arce'tus ipoloʝi'stes.
The[f,nom] MFI is[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,nom] customer[nom] that owns[pres,3.Sg] several[m,acc] computers[acc].
MFI is a customer that owns several computers.
I MFI echei ena symvolaio syntirisis gia olous tous ypologistes tis?
i mfi 'eçi 'ena sim'voleo si'dirisis ʝa 'olos tus ipoloʝi'stes tis?
The[f,nom] MFI have[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] contract[acc] service[gen] for all[m,acc] the[m,pl,acc] computers[acc] its[f,gen]?
Does MFI have a service contract for all its computers?
I MFI echei ena symvolaio syntirisis gia olous tous ypologistes tis.
i mfi 'eçi 'ena sim'voleo si'dirisis ʝa 'olos tus ipoloʝi'stes tis.
The[f,nom] MFI have[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] contract[acc] service[gen] for all[m,acc] the[m,pl,acc] computers[acc] its[f,gen].
MFI has a service contract for all its computers.
Nai
ne
Yes
This pattern of inference, unlike (134), tends to some theory
dependence. Although the inference seems correct in this example, compare
with (136)
Kathe stelechos pou diethete ena forito ypologisti ton efere gia na kratisei simioseis sti syskepsi.
'kaθe 'stelexos pu 'ðʝeθete 'ena fori'to ipoloʝi'sti ton 'efere ʝa na kra'tisi simi'osis sti 'siscepsi.
Every executive[nom] who had[past,3.Sg] a[m,acc] laptop[m,acc] computer[acc] it[m,acc] brought[past,3.Sg] to take[pres,3.Sg,subj] notes[acc] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc].
Every executive who had a laptop computer brought it to take notes at the meeting.
O Smith einai ena stelechos pou diathetei pente diaforetikous foritous ypologistes.
o smiθ 'ine 'ena 'stelexos pu ðʝa'θeti 'pede ðʝaforeti'kus fori'tus ipoloʝi'stes.
The[m,nom] Smith is[pres,3.Sg] an[neut,nom] executive[nom] who owns[pres,3.Sg] five different[m,pl,acc] laptop[m,pl,acc] computers[acc].
Smith is a executive who owns five different laptop computers.
O Smith pire pente foritous ypologistes sti syskepsi?
o smiθ 'pire 'pede fori'tus ipoloʝi'stes sti 'siskepsi?
The[m,nom] Smith take[past,3.Sg] five laptop[m,pl,acc] computers[acc] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc]?
Did Smith take five laptop computers to the meeting?
O Smith pire pente foritous ypologistes sti syskepsi.
o smiθ 'pire 'pede fori'tus ipoloʝi'stes sti' 'siscepsi.
The[m,nom] Smith took[past,3.Sg] five laptop[m,pl.acc] computers[acc] at the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc].
Smith took five laptop computers to the meeting.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Similar to (135), except for tense and pragmatic plausibility.
Yparchoun 100 etairies.
i'parxun eka'to ete'ries.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] 100 companies[nom].
There are 100 companies.
H ICM einai mia apo tis etairies kai diathetei 150 ypologistes.
i izm 'ine 'mia a'po tis ete'ries ce ðʝa'θeti eka'ton pe'nida ipoloʝi'stes.
The[f,nom] ICM is[pres,3.Sg] one[f,nom] of the[f,acc] companies[acc] and owns[pres,3.Sg] 150 computers[acc].
ICM is one of the companies and owns 150 computers.
Den echei symvolaia syntirisis gia kanenan apo tous pelates tis.
ðen 'eçi sim'volea si'dirisis ʝa ka'nenan a'po tus pe'lates tis.
Not have[pres,3.Sg] contracts[acc] service[gen] for any[m,acc] of the[pl,acc] computers[acc] its[f,gen].
It does not have service contracts for any of its computers.
Kathe mia apo tis alles 99 etairies diathetei enan ypologisti.
'kaθe 'mia a'po tis 'ales enenidae'ɲa ete'ries ðʝa'θeti 'enan ipoloʝi'sti
Each one[f,nom] of the other[f,acc] 99 companies[acc] owns[pres,3.Sg] one[m,acc] computer[acc].
Each of the other 99 companies owns one computer.
Echoun symvolaia syntirisis gia autous.
'exun sim'volea si'dirisis ʝa af'tus.
Have[pres,3.Pl] contracts[acc] service[gen] for them[m,acc].
They have service contracts for them.
Οi perissoteres etairies pou diathetoun enan ypologisti echoun ena symvolaio syntirisis gia auton?
i peri'soteres ete'ries pu ðʝa'θetun 'enan ipoloʝi'sti 'exun 'ena sim'voleo si'dirisis ʝa af'ton?
The[f,nom] most[f,nom] companies[nom] that own[pres,3.Pl] a[m,acc] computer[acc] have[pres,3.Pl] a[neut,acc] contract[acc] service[gen] for it[m,acc]?
Do most companies that own a computer have a service contract for it?
Οi perissoteres etairies pou diathetoun enan ypologisti echoun ena symvolaio syntirisis gia auton.
i peri'soteres ete'ries pu ðʝa'θetun 'enan ipoloʝi'sti 'exun 'ena sim'voleo si'dirisis ʝa af'ton.
The[f,nom] most[f,nom] companies[nom] that own[pres,3.Pl] a[m,acc] computer[acc] have[pres,3.Pl] a[neut,acc] contract[acc] service[gen] for it[m,acc].
Most companies that own a computer have a service contract for it.
Nai
ne
Yes
Proportion problem
3.5 Functional and Subsectional
Due to the heavy domain dependence of functional (or better perhaps,
relational) anaphora, it is hard to state general inferences that don't assume
considerable background knowledge unless this is given explicitly.
Kathe anafora echei ena exofyllo.
'kaθe anafo'ra 'eçi 'ena e'ksofilo.
Every report[nom] has[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] cover page[acc].
Every report has a cover page.
H R-95-103 einai mia anafora.
i ar-ene'nida'pede-ekaton'tria 'ine 'mia anafo'ra.
The[f,nom] R-95-103 is[pres,3.Sg] a[f,nom] report[nom].
R-95-103 is a report.
O Smith ypegrapse to exofyllo.
ο smiθ i'peγrapse to e'ksofilo.
The[m,nom] Smith signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] cover page[acc].
Smith signed the cover page.
i'peγrapse o Smiθ to e'ksofilo tis ar-ene'ɲiŋda'peŋde-ekaton'tria?
i'peγrapse o smiθ to e'ksofilo tis ar-ene'nida'pede-ekaton'tria?
Sign[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[neut,acc] cover page[acc] the[f,gen] R-95-103?
Did Smith sign the cover page of R-95-103?
O Smith ypegrapse to exofyllo tis R-95-103.
i'peγrapse o smiθ to e'ksofilo tis ar-ene'nida'pede-ekaton'tria.
The[m,nom] Smith signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] cover page[acc] the[f,gen] R-95-103?
Smith signed the cover page of R-95-103.
Nai
ne
Yes
3.6 Simple Reflexives
Enas dieuthintis etairias epivraveuse ton eauto tou me mia megali afksisi misthou.
'enas ðʝefθi'dis ete'rias epi'vravefse ton ea'fto tu me 'mia me'γali 'afksisi mis'θu.
A[m,nom] director[nom] company[gen] awarded[past,3.Sg] the[,acc] self[acc] him[gen] with a[f,acc] large[f,acc] payrise[acc].
A company director awarded himself a large payrise.
Echei epivravefsei kai epivravefthei enas dieuthintis etairias me mia afksisi misthou?
'eçi epivra'vefsi ce epivrave'fti 'enas ðʝefθi'dis ete'rias me 'mia 'afksisi mis'θu?
Has awarded[pres.perf,3.Sg] and been awarded[pres.perf,3.Sg,passive] a[m,nom] director[nom] company[gen] with a[f,acc] payrise[acc]?
Has a company director awarded and been awarded a payrise?
Enas dieuthintis etairias echei epivravefsei kai epivravefthei me mia afksisi misthou.
'enas ðʝefθi'dis ete'rias 'eçi epivra'vefsi ce epivrave'fθi me 'mia 'afksisi mis'θu.
A[m,nom] director[nom] company[gen] has awarded[pres.perf,3.Sg] and been awarded[pres.perf,3.Sg,passive] with a[f,acc] payrise[acc].
A company director has awarded and been awarded a payrise.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Giannis eipe oti o Vasilis eiche travmatisei ton eayto tou.
o 'ʝanis 'ipe 'oti o va'silis 'içe travma'tisi ton ea'fto tu.
The[m,nom] John[nom] said[past,3.Sg] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] had hurt[past.perf,3.Sg] the[,acc] self[acc] him[gen].
John said Bill had hurt himself.
Eipe o Giannis oti o Vasilis eiche travmatistei?
'ipe o 'ʝanis 'oti o Va'silis 'içe travmati'sti?
Said[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] had hurt[past.perf,3.Sg,passive].
Did John say Bill had been hurt?
O Giannis eipe oti o Vasilis eiche travmatistei?
o 'ʝanis 'ipe 'oti o va'silis 'içe travmati'sti?
The[m,nom] John[nom] said[past,3.Sg] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] had hurt[past.perf,3.Sg,passive].
John said Bill had been hurt.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Giannis eipe oti o Vasilis eiche travmatistei.
o 'ʝanis 'ipe 'oti o Va'silis 'içe travmati'sti.
The[m,nom] John[nom] said[past,3.Sg] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] had hurt[past.perf,3.Sg] the[,acc] self[acc] him[gen].
John said Bill had hurt himself.
Eipe kapoios oti o Vasilis eiche travmatistei?
'ipe 'kapços 'oti o Va'silis 'içe travmati'sti?
Said[past,3.Sg] anyone[m,nom] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] had hurt[past.perf,3.Sg,passive]?
Did anyone say John had been hurt?
Kapoios eipe oti o Vasilis eiche travmatistei.
'kapços 'ipe 'oti o vasilis 'içe travmati'sti.
Someone[m,nom] said[past,3.Sg] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] had hurt[past.perf,3.Sg,passive].
Someone said John had been hurt.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
4 ELLIPSIS
In nearly all cases the inferences presented here have conclusions that are
simply reconstructions of the ellided constituent. Unfortunately, an inference
test suite is not well suited to illustrating prohibitions on ellipsis
resolution. For example, an ill-formed discourse like
John was in Paris yesterday. *So did Bill.
doesn't even get as far as supporting any inferences.
4.1 VP Ellipsis
O Giannis milise sti Mairi.
o 'ʝanis 'milise sti 'meri.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc].
John spoke to Mary.
To idio ekane o Vasilis.
to 'iðio 'ekane o va'silis.
So did[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom].
So did Bill.
'milise o Va'silis sti 'Meri?
'milise o va'silis sti 'meri?
Speak[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc]?
Did Bill speak to Mary?
o Vasilis milise sti Mairi.
o va'silis 'milise sti 'meri.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc]?
Bill spoke to Mary.
Nai
ne
Yes
Basic example.
O Giannis milise sti Mairi
O 'ʝanis 'milise sti 'meri.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc].
John spoke to Mary.
To idio ekane o Vasilis.
to 'iðio 'ekane o va'silis.
So did[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom].
So did Bill.
O Giannis milise sti Mairi stis tesseris i ora.
o'ʝanis 'milise sti 'meri stis 'teseris i 'ora.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] at the[contr,f,pl,acc] four[num] o'clock.
John spoke to Mary at four o'clock
Milise o Vasilis sti Mairi stis tesseris i ora?
'milise o va'silis sti 'meri stis 'teseris i 'ora?
Spoke[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] at the[contr,f,pl,acc] four[num] o'clock?
Did Bill speak to Mary at four o'clock?
O Vasilis milise sti Mairi stis tesseris i ora.
o va'silis 'milise sti 'meri stis 'teseris i 'ora.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] at the[contr,f,pl,acc] four[num] o'clock.
Bill spoke to Mary at four o'clock.
den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Temporal resolution of tense in antecedent is not carried across to ellipsis.
O Giannis milise sti Mairi stis tesseris i ora.
o 'ʝanis 'milise sti 'meri stis 'teseris i 'ora.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] at the[contr,f,pl,acc] four[num] o'clock.
John spoke to Mary at four o'clock
to idio ekane o Vasilis.
to 'iðʝo 'ekane o 'vasilis.
So did[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom].
So did Bill.
Milise o Vasilis sti Mairi stis tesseris i ora?
'milise o 'vasilis sti 'meri stis 'teseris i 'ora?
Spoke[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] at the[contr,f,pl,acc] four[num] o'clock?
Did Bill speak to Mary at four o'clock?
O Vasilis milise sti Mairi stis tesseris i ora.
o va'silis 'milise sti 'meri stis 'teseris i 'ora.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] at the[contr,f,pl,acc] four[num] o'clock.
Bill spoke to Mary at four o'clock.
Nai
ne
Yes
Explicit temporal adverbials are carried across to ellipsis.
O Giannis milise sti Mairi stis tesseris i ora.
o ʝanis 'milise sti 'meri stis 'teseris i 'ora.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] at the[contr,f,pl,acc] four[num] o'clock.
John spoke to Mary at four o'clock
Kai o Vasilis to ekane stis pente i ora.
ce o va'silis to 'ekane stis 'pede i ora.
And the[m,nom] Bill[nom] it[neut] did[past,3.Sg] at the[contr,f,pl,acc] five[num] o'clock.
And Bill did at five o'clock.
Milise o Vasilis sti Mairi stis pente i ora?
'milise o va'silis sti 'meri stis 'pede i 'ora?
Spoke[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] at the[contr,f,pl,acc] five[num] o'clock?
Did Bill speak to Mary at five o'clock?
O Vasilis milise sti Mairi stis pente i ora.
o va'silis 'milise sti 'meri stis 'pede i 'ora.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] at the[contr,f,pl,acc] five[num] o'clock.
Bill spoke to Mary at five o'clock.
Nai
ne
Yes
Explicit temporal adverbials are not carried across if overridden.
O Giannis echei milisei sti Mairi.
o ʝanis 'eçi mi'lisi sti 'meri.
The[m,nom] John[nom] has spoken[pres.perf,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc].
John has spoken to Mary.
O Vasilis tha to kanei.
o va'silis θa to 'kani.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] will it[neut] do[fut,3.Sg].
Bill is going to.
Tha milisei o Vasilis sti Mairi?
θa mi'lisi o va'silis sti 'meri?
Will speak[fut,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc]?
Will Bill speak to Mary?
O Vasilis tha milisei sti Mairi.
o va'silis θa mi'lisi sti 'meri .
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] will speak[fut,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc].
Bill will speak to Mary.
Nai
ne
Yes
Tense agreement not necessary between ellipsis and antecedent.
O Giannis milise sti Mairi ti Deutera.
o ʝanis' 'milise sti 'meri ti ðe'ftera.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] the[f,acc] Monday[acc].
John spoke to Mary on Monday.
O Vasilis den to ekane.
o va'silis ðen to 'ekane.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] not it[neut] do[past,3.Sg].
Bill didn't.
Milise o Vasilis sti Mairi ti Deutera?
'milise o va'silis sti 'meri ti ðe'ftera?
Spoke[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] the[f,acc] Monday[acc]?
Did Bill speak to Mary on Monday?
O Vasilis milise sti Mairi ti Deutera.
o va'silis 'milise sti 'meri ti ðe'ftera.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] the[f,acc] Monday[acc].
Bill spoke to Mary on Monday.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Polarity agreement not necessary between ellipsis and antecedent.
Echei milisei o Giannis sti Mairi?
'eçi mi'lisi o 'ʝanis sti 'meri?
Has spoken[pres.perf,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc]?
Has John spoken to Mary?
O Vasilis echei milisei.
o va'silis 'eçi mi'lisi.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] has spoken[pres.perf,3.Sg].
Bill has.
Echei milisei o Vasilis sti Mairi?
'eçi mi'lisi o va'silis sti 'meri?
Has spoken[pres.perf,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc]?
Has Bill spoken to Mary?
O Vasilis echei milisei sti Mairi.
o va'silis 'eçi mi'lisi sti 'meri.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] has spoken[pres.perf,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc].
Bill has spoken to Mary.
Nai
ne
Yes
Mood agreement not necessary between ellipsis and antecedent.
O Giannis echei milisei sti Mairi.
o 'ʝanis 'eçi mi'lisi sti 'meri.
The[m,nom] John[nom] has spoken[pres.perf,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc].
John has spoken to Mary.
Oi mathites echoun milisei episis.
i maθi'tes 'eçun mi'lisi e'pisis.
The[m,pl,nom] students[nom] have spoken[pres.perf,3.Pl] too.
The students have too.
Echoun milisei oi mathites sti Mairi?
'eçun mi'lisi i maθi'tes sti 'meri?
Have spoken[pres.perf,3.Pl] the[m,pl,nom] students[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc]?
Have the students spoken to Mary?
Oi mathites echoun milisei sti Mairi.
i maθi'tes 'eçun mi'lisi sti 'meri.
The[m,pl,nom] students[nom] have spoken[pres.perf,3.Pl] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc].
The students have spoken to Mary.
Nai
ne
Yes
Number agreement not necessary.
4.2 Gapping
O Giannis pige sto Parisi me autokinito kai o Vasilis me treno.
o 'ʝanis 'piʝe sto pa'risi me afto'cinito ce o va'silis me to 'treno.
The[m,nom] John[nom] went[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc] by car[acc] and the[m,nom] Bill[nom] by train[acc].
John went to Paris by car, and Bill by train.
Pige o Vasilis sto Parisi me treno?
'piʝe o va'silis sto pa'risi me 'treno?
Went[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc] by train[acc]?
Did Bill go to Paris by train?
O Vasilis pige sto Parisi me treno.
o va'silis 'piʝe sto pa'risi me 'treno.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] went[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc] by train[acc].
Bill went to Paris by train.
Nai
ne
Yes
Basic example
O Giannis pige sto Parisi me autokinito kai o Vasilis me treno sto Verolino.
o 'ʝanis 'piʝe sto pa'risi me afto'cinito ce o va'silis me 'treno sto vero'lino.
The[m,nom] John[nom] went[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc] by car[acc] and the[m,nom] Bill[nom] by train[acc] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Berlin[acc].
John went to Paris by car, and Bill by train to Berlin.
Pige o Vasilis sto Verolino me treno?
'piʝe o va'silis sto vero'lino me 'treno?
Went[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Berlin[acc] by train[acc]?
Did Bill go to Berlin by train?
O Vasilis pie sto Verolino me treno.
o va'silis 'piʝe sto vero'lino me 'treno.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] went[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Berlin[acc] by train[acc].
Bill went to Berlin by train.
Nai
ne
Yes
Another basic example
O Giannis pige sto Parisi me autokinito kai o Vasilis sto Verolino.
o 'ʝanis 'piʝe sto pa'risi me afto'cinito ce o va'silis sto vero'lino.
The[m,nom] John[nom] went[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc] by car[acc] and the[m,nom] Bill[nom] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Berlin[acc].
John went to Paris by car, and Bill to Berlin.
Pige o Vasilis sto Verolino me autokinito?
'piʝe o va'silis sto vero'lino me afto'cinito?
Went[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Berlin[acc] by car[acc]?
Did Bill go to Berlin by car?
O Vasilis pige sto Verolino me autokinito.
o va'silis 'piʝe sto vero'lino me afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] went[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Berlin[acc] by car[acc].
Bill went to Berlin by car.
Nai
ne
Yes
Another basic example
O Giannis pigainei sto Parisi me autokinito kai oi mathites me treno.
o 'ʝanis pi'ʝeni sto pa'risi me to afto'cinito ce i maθi'tes me 'treno.
The[m,nom] John[nom] go[pres,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc] by car[acc] and the[m,pl,nom] students[nom] by train[acc].
John is going to Paris by car, and the students by train.
Pigainoun oi mathites sto Parisi me treno?
pi'ʝenun i maθi'tes sto pa'risi me 'treno?
Go[pres,3.Pl] the[m,pl,nom] students[nom] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc] by train[acc]?
Are the students going to Paris by train?
Oi mathites pigainoun sto Parisi me treno.
i maθi'tes pi'ʝenun sto pa'risi me 'treno.
The[m,pl,nom] students[nom] go[pres,3.Pl] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc] by train[acc].
The students are going to Paris by train.
Nai
ne
Yes
Subject-verb agreement not necessary
O Giannis pige sto Parisi me autokinito.
o 'ʝanis 'piʝe sto pa'risi me afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] John[nom] went[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc] by car[acc].
John went to Paris by car.
O Vasilis me treno.
o va'silis me 'treno.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] by train[acc] .
Bill by train.
Pige o Vasilis sto Parisi me treno?
'piʝe o va'silis sto pa'risi me 'treno?
Went[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc] by train[acc]?
Did Bill go to Paris by train?
O Vasilis pige sto Parisi me treno.
o va'silis 'piʝe sto pa'risi me 'treno.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] went[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc] by train[acc].
Bill went to Paris by train.
Nai
ne
Yes
Cross-sentential gapping
4.3 One Anaphora
O Giannis echei ena autokinito.
o 'ʝanis 'eçi 'ena afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] John[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] car[acc].
John owns a car.
O Vasilis echei ena episis.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena e'pisis.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] one[neut,acc] too.
Bill owns one too.
Echei o Vasilis ena autokinito?
'eçi o va'silis 'ena afto'cinito?
Own[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] a[neut,acc] car[acc]?
Does Bill own a car?
O Vasilis echei ena autokinito.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] car[acc].
Bill owns a car.
Nai
ne
Yes
Basic example
O Giannis echei ena autokinito.
o 'ʝanis 'eçi 'ena afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] John[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] car[acc].
John owns a car.
O Vasilis echei ena episis.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena e'pisis.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] one[neut,acc] too.
Bill owns one too.
Yparchei ena autokinito pou echoun o Giannis kai o Vasilis?
i'parçi 'ena afto'cinito pu 'exun o 'ʝanis ce o va'silis?
Exist[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,nom] car[nom] that own[pres,3.Pl] the[m,nom] John[nom] and the[m,nom] Bill[nom] ?
Is there a car that John and Bill own?
Yparchei ena autokinito pou echoun o Giannis kai o Vasilis.
i'parçi 'ena afto'cinito pu 'exun o 'ʝanis ce o va'silis.
Exist[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,nom] car[nom] that own[pres,3.Pl] the[m,nom] John[nom] and the[m,nom] Bill[nom].
There is a car that John and Bill own.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
It needn't be the same car that John and Bill own.
O Giannis echei ena kokkino autokinito.
o 'ʝanis 'eçi 'ena 'kocino afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] John[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] red[neut,acc] car[acc].
John owns a red car.
O Vasilis echei ena mple.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena ble.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] blue.
Bill owns a blue one.
Echei o Vasilis ena mple autokinito?
'eçi o va'silis 'ena ble afto'cinito?
Own[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] a[neut,acc] blue car[acc]?
Does Bill own a blue car?
O Vasilis echei ena μπλε autokinito.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena ble afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] blue car[acc].
Bill owns a blue car.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Giannis echei ena kokkino autokinito.
o 'ʝanis 'eçi 'ena 'kocino afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] John[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] red[neut,acc] car[acc].
John owns a red car.
O Vasilis echei ena mple.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena ble.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] blue.
Bill owns a blue one.
Echei o Vasilis ena kokkino autokinito?
'eçi o va'silis 'ena 'kocino afto'cinito?
Own[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] a[neut,acc] red[acc] car[acc]?
Does Bill own a red car?
O Vasilis echei ena kokkino autokinito.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena 'kocino afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] red[acc] car[acc].
Bill owns a red car.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
O Giannis echei ena kokkino autokinito.
o 'ʝanis 'eçi 'ena 'kocino afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] John[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] red[neut,acc] car[acc].
John owns a red car.
O Vasilis echei ena grigoro.
o 'ʝanis 'eçi 'ena 'γriγοro.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] fast[neut,acc].
Bill owns a fast one.
Echei o Vasilis ena grigoro autokinito?
'eçi o va'silis 'ena 'γriγoro afto'cinito?
Own[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] a[neut,acc] fast[acc] car[acc]?
Does Bill own a fast car?
O Vasilis echei ena grigoro autokinito.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena 'γriγoro afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] one[neut,acc] fast[acc] car[acc].
Bill owns a fast car.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Giannis echei ena kokkino autokinito.
o 'ʝanis 'eçi 'ena 'kocino afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] John[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] red[neut,acc] car[acc].
John owns a red car.
O Vasilis echei ena grigoro.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena 'γriγoro.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] fast[neut,acc].
Bill owns a fast one.
Echei o Vasilis ena grigoro kokkino autokinito?
'eçi o va'silis 'ena 'γriγoro 'kocino afto'cinito?
Own[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] a[neut,acc] fast[acc] red[neut,acc] car[acc]?
Does Bill own a fast red car?
O Vasilis echei ena grigoro kokkino autokinito.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena 'γriγoro 'kocino afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] fast[acc] red[neut,acc] car[acc].
Bill owns a fast red car.
Nai,me mia pithani anagnosi.
ne, me 'mia piθa'ni a'naγnosi.
Yes, on one possible reading.
The "one" anaphor may be resolved via the property of being a red car.
O Giannis echei ena kokkino autokinito.
o 'ʝanis 'eçi 'ena 'kocino afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] John[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] red[neut,acc] car[acc].
John owns a red car.
O Vasilis echei ena grigoro.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena 'γriγoro
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] fast[neut,acc].
Bill owns a fast one.
Echei o Vasilis ena grigoro kokkino autokinito?
'eçi o va'silis 'ena 'γriγoro 'kocino afto'cinito?
Own[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] a[neut,acc] fast[acc] red[neut,acc] car[acc]?
Does Bill own a fast red car?
O Vasilis echei ena grigoro kokkino autokinito.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena 'γriγoro 'kocino afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] fast[acc] red[neut,acc] car[acc].
Bill owns a fast red car.
Den ksero ,me mia pithani anagnosi.
ðeŋ 'ksero, me 'mia piθa'ni a'naγnosi
Don't know, on one possible reading
Or the "one" anaphor may just be resolved via the property of being a car.
O Giannis echei ena grigoro kokkino autokinito.
o 'ʝanis 'eçi 'ena 'γriγoro 'kocino afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] John[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] fast[acc] red[neut,acc] car[acc].
John owns a fast red car.
O Vasilis echei ena argo.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena ar'γo.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] slow[neut,acc].
Bill owns a slow one.
Echei o Vasilis ena argo kokkino autokinito?
'eçi o va'silis 'ena ar'γo 'kocino afto'cinito?
Own[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] a[neut,acc] slow[acc] red[neut,acc] car[acc]?
Does Bill own a slow red car?
O Vasilis echei ena argo kokkino autokinito.
o va'silis 'eçi 'ena ar'γο 'kocino afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] own[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] slow[acc] red[neut,acc] car[acc].
Bill owns a slow red car.
Nai
ne
Yes
When semantically parallel (e.g. fast/slow) modifiers appear on the
antecedent and one-anaphor, it appears that all non-parallel modifiers must
form part of the resolution.
4.4 Sluicing
O Giannis ekane tin ergasia tou dekti.
o 'ʝanis 'ekane tin erγa'sia tu ðe'kti.
The[m,nom] John[nom] had[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] paper[acc] his[m,gen] accepted[f,acc].
John had his paper accepted.
O Vasilis den xerei giati.
o va'silis ðeŋ 'kseri ʝa'ti.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] not know[pres,3.Sg] why.
Bill doesn't know why.
Xerei o Vasilis giati o Giannis ekane tin ergasia tou dekti?
'kseri o va'silis ʝa'ti o 'ʝanis 'ekane tin erγa'sia tu ðe'kti?
Know[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] why the[m,nom] John[nom] had[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] paper[acc] his[m,gen] accepted[f,acc]?
Does Bill know why John had his paper accepted?
O Vasilis xerei giati o Giannis ekane tin ergasia tou dekti.
o va'silis 'kseri ʝa'ti o 'ʝanis 'ekane tin erγa'sia tu ðe'kti.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] knows[pres,3.Sg] why the[m,nom] John[nom] had[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] paper[acc] his[m,gen] accepted[f,acc]?
Bill knows why John had his paper accepted.
Ochi
'oçi
No
4.5 Phrasal Ellipsis
O Giannis milise sti Mairi.
o 'ʝanis 'milise sti 'meri.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc].
John spoke to Mary.
Kai sti Sou.
ce sti su.
And to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Sue.
And to Sue.
Milise o Giannis sti Sou?
'milise o 'ʝanis sti su ?
Speak[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Sue?
Did John speak to Sue?
O Giannis milise sti Sou.
o 'ʝanis 'milise sti su.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Sue?
John spoke to Sue.
Nai
ne
Yes
PP ellipsis (subcategorized)
O Giannis milise sti Mairi.
o 'ʝanis 'milise sti 'meri.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc].
John spoke to Mary.
Tin Paraskevi.
tin parasce'vi.
The[f,acc] Friday.
On Friday.
Milise o Giannis sti Mairi tin Paraskevi?
'milise o 'ʝanis sti 'meri tin parasce'vi ?
Spoke[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] the[f,acc] Friday[acc]?
Did John speak to Mary on Friday?
O Giannis milise sti Mairi tin Paraskevi.
o 'ʝanis 'milise sti 'meri tin parasce'vi.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] the[f,acc] Friday[acc].
John spoke to Mary on Friday.
Nai
ne
Yes
PP ellipsis: adds PP to antecedent
O Giannis milise sti Mairi tin Pempti.
o 'ʝanis 'milise sti 'meri tin 'pemdi.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] the[f,acc] Thursday[acc].
John spoke to Mary on Thursday.
Kai tin Paraskevi.
ce tin parasce'vi.
And the[f,acc] Friday.
And on Friday.
Milise o Giannis sti Mairi tin Paraskevi?
'milise o 'ʝanis sti 'meri tin parasce'vi?
Spoke[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] the[f,acc] Friday[acc]?
Did John speak to Mary on Friday?
O Giannis milise sti Mairi tin Paraskevi.
o 'ʝanis 'milise sti 'meri tin parasce'vi.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc] the[f,acc] Friday[acc].
John spoke to Mary on Friday.
Nai
ne
Yes
PP ellipsis: replaces PP in antecedent
Eikosi andres ergazontai sto Tmima Poliseon.
'ikosi 'anðres e'rγazode sto 'tmima po'liseon.
Twenty men[nom] work[pres,3.Pl] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Department[acc] Sales[gen].
Twenty men work in the Sales Department.
Alla mono mia gynaika.
a'la 'mono 'mia ʝi'neka.
But only one[f,nom] woman[nom].
But only one woman.
Ergazontai dyo gynaikes sto Tmima Poliseon?
e'rγazode 'ðio ʝi'neces sto 'tmima po'liseon?
Work[pres,3.Pl] two women[nom] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Department[acc] Sales[gen]?
Do two women work in the Sales Department?
Dyo gynaikes ergazontai sto Tmima Poliseon.
'ðio ʝi'neces e'rγazode sto 'tmima po'liseon.
Two women[nom] work[pres,3.Pl] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Department[acc] Sales[gen].
Two women work in the Sales Department.
Ochi
'oçi
No
NP ellipsis
Pente andres ergazontai me meriki apascholisi.
'pede 'anðres e'rγazode me meri'ci apa'sçolisi.
Five men[nom] work[pres,3.Pl] with part[f,acc] time[acc].
Five men work part time.
Kai saranta pente gynaikes.
ce sa'rada 'pede ʝi'neces.
And fourty five women[nom].
And forty five women.
Ergazontai saranta pente gynaikes me meriki apascholisi?
e'rγαzοde sa'rada 'pede ʝi'neces me meri'ci apa'sçolisi?
Work[pres,3.Pl] fourty five women[nom] with part[f,acc] time[acc]?
Do forty five women work part time?
Saranta pente gynaikes ergazontai me meriki apascholisi.
sa'rada 'pede ʝi'neces e'rγαzοde me meri'ci apa'sçolisi.
Fourty five women[nom] work[pres,3.Pl] with part[f,acc] time[acc].
Forty five women work part time.
Nai
ne
Yes
NP ellipsis
O Giannis vrike ti Mairi prin to Vasili.
The[m,nom] John[nom] found[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] Mary[acc] before the[m,acc] Bill[acc].
John found Mary before Bill.
Vrike o Giannis ti Mairi prin o Vasilis vrei ti Mairi?
Found[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] the[f,acc] Mary[acc] before the[m,nom] Bill[nom] find[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[f,acc] Mary[acc]?
Did John find Mary before Bill found Mary?
O Giannis vrike ti Mairi prin o Vasilis vrei ti Mairi.
The[m,nom] John[nom] found[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] Mary[acc] before the[m,nom] Bill[nom] find[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[f,acc] Mary[acc].
John found Mary before Bill found Mary.
Nai,me mia pithani anagnosi.
Yes, on one possible reading.
NP ellipsis
O Giannis vrike ti Mairi prin to Vasili.
o 'ʝanis 'vrike ti 'meri prin to va'sili.
The[m,nom] John[nom] found[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] Mary[acc] before the[m,acc] Bill[acc].
John found Mary before Bill.
Vrike o Giannis ti Mairi prin o Giannis vrei to Vasili?
'vrike o 'ʝanis ti 'meri prin o 'ʝanis vri to va'sili?
Found[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] the[f,acc] Mary[acc] before the[m,nom] John[nom] find[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[m,acc] Bill[acc]?
Did John find Mary before John found Bill?
O Giannis vrike ti Mairi prin o Giannis vrei to Vasili.
o 'ʝanis 'vrike ti 'meri prin o 'ʝanis vri to va'sili.
The[m,nom] John[nom] found[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] Mary[acc] before the[m,nom] John[nom] find[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[m,acc] Bill[acc].
John found Mary before John found Bill.
Nai,me mia pithani anagnosi.
ne, me 'mia piθa'ni a'naɣnosi.
Yes, on one possible reading.
NP ellipsis
O Giannis thelei na xerei posoi andres ergazontai me meriki apascholisi.
o 'ʝanis 'θeli na 'kseri 'posi 'anðres er'ɣazode me meri'ci apa'sxolisi.
The[m,nom] John[nom] wants[pres.3.Sg] to know[pres,3.Sg,subj] how many[m,pl,nom] men[nom] work[pres,3.Pl] with part[f,acc] time[acc].
John wants to know how many men work part time.
Kai gynaikes.
ke ʝi'nekes.
And women[nom].
And women.
Thelei na xerei o Giannis poses gynaikes ergazontai me meriki apascholisi?
'θeli na 'kseri o 'ʝanis 'poses ʝi'nekes er'ɣazode me meri'ci apa'sxolisi.
Wants[pres.3.Sg] to know[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[m,nom] John[nom] how many[f,pl,nom] women[nom] work[pres,3.Pl] with part[f,acc] time[acc].
Does John want to know how many women work part time?
O Giannis thelei na xerei poses gynaikes ergazontai me meriki apascholisi.
o 'ʝanis 'θeli na 'kseri 'poses ʝi'nekes er'ɣazode me meri'ci apa'sxolisi.
The[m,nom] John[nom] wants[pres.3.Sg] to know[pres,3.Sg,subj] how many[f,pl,nom] women[nom] work[pres,3.Pl] with part[f,acc] time[acc].
John wants to know how many women work part time.
Nai
ne
Yes
Nbar ellipsis
O Giannis thelei na xerei posoi andres ergazontai me meriki apascholisi kai poioi.
o 'ʝanis 'θeli na 'kseri 'posi 'anðres er'ɣazode me meri'ci apa'sxolisi ke pi'i.
The[m,nom] John[nom] wants[pres.3.Sg] to know[pres,3.Sg,subj] how many[m,pl,nom] men[nom] work[pres,3.Pl] with part[f,acc] time[acc] and which[m,pl,nom].
John wants to know how many men work part time, and which.
Thelei na xerei o Giannis poioi andres ergazontai me meriki apascholisi?
'θeli na 'kseri o 'ʝanis pi'i 'anðres er'ɣazode me meri'ci apa'sxolisi?
Wants[pres.3.Sg] to know[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[m,nom] John[nom] which[m,pl,nom] men[nom] work[pres,3.Pl] with part[f,acc] time[acc]?
Does John want to know which men work part time?
O Giannis thelei na xerei poioi andres ergazontai me meriki apascholisi.
o 'ʝanis 'θeli na 'kseri pi'i 'anðres er'ɣazode me meri'ci apa'sxolisi.
The[m,nom] John[nom] wants[pres.3.Sg] to know[pres,3.Sg,subj] which[m,pl,nom] men[nom] work[pres,3.Pl] with part[f,acc] time[acc].
John wants to know which men work part time
Nai
ne
Yes
Determiner ellipsis
4.6 Antecedent Contained Deletion
Antecedent contained deletion is a notorious problem for copying
approaches to ellipsis, since the antecedent clause contains the ellipsis and
some way must be found of removing it from the copy.
O Vasilis milise se olous osous milise o Giannis.
o va'silis 'milise se 'olus 'osus 'milise o 'ʝanis.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to everyone[m,pl,acc] who[m,pl,acc] spoke[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom].
Bill spoke to everyone that John did.
O Giannis milise sti Mairi.
o 'ʝanis 'milise sti 'meri.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc].
John spoke to Mary.
Milise o Vasilis sti Mairi?
'milise o va'silis sti 'meri?
Speak[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc]?
Did Bill speak to Mary?
O Vasilis milise sti Mairi.
o va'silis 'milise sti 'meri.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc]?
Bill spoke to Mary.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Vasilis milise se olous osous milise o Giannis.
o va'silis 'milise se 'olus 'osus 'milise o 'ʝanis.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to everyone[m,pl,acc] who[m,pl,acc] spoke[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom].
Bill spoke to everyone that John did.
O Vasilis milise milise sti Mairi.
o va'silis 'milise sti 'meri.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc].
Bill spoke to Mary.
Milise o Giannis sti Mairi?
'milise o 'ʝanis sti 'meri?
Speak[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc]?
Did John speak to Mary?
O Giannis milise sti Mairi.
o 'ʝanis 'milise sti 'meri.
The[m,nom] John[nom] spoke[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] Mary[acc]?
John spoke to Mary.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
4.7 Configurational Effects
There are a number of syntactic and other configurational constraints on what
can constitute the antecedent to an ellipsis. These constraints varying
depending on the type of ellipsis (VP, phrasal, gapping, etc).
O Giannis eipe oti i Mairi egrapse mia anafora kai o Vasilis episis.
o 'ʝanis 'ipe 'oti i 'meri 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra ce o va'silis e'pisis.
The[m,nom] John[nom] said[past,3.Sg] that the[f,nom] Mary[acc] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] and the[m,nom] Bill[nom] too.
John said Mary wrote a report, and Bill did too.
Eipe o Vasilis oti i Mairi egrapse mia anafora?
'ipe o va'silis 'oti i 'meri 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra.
Said[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] that the[f,nom] Mary[acc] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc]?
Did Bill say Mary wrote a report?
O Vasilis eipe oti i Mairi egrapse mia anafora.
o va'silis 'ipe 'oti i 'meri 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] said[past,3.Sg] that the[f,nom] Mary[acc] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc].
Bill said Mary wrote a report.
Nai,me mia pithani anagnosi/analisi.
ne, me 'mia piθa'ni a'naɣnosi/a'nalisi.
Yes, on one possible reading/parse.
O Giannis eipe oti i Mairi egrapse mia anafora kai o Vasilis episis.
o 'ʝanis 'ipe 'oti i 'meri 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra ce o va'silis e'pisis.
The[m,nom] John[nom] said[past,3.Sg] that the[f,nom] Mary[acc] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] and the[m,nom] Bill[nom] too.
John said Mary wrote a report, and Bill did too.
Eipe o Giannis oti o Vasilis egrapse mia anafora?
'ipe o 'ʝanis 'oti o va'silis 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra?
Said[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] that the[m,nom] Bill[acc] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc]?
Did John say Bill wrote a report?
O Giannis eipe oti o Vasilis egrapse mia anafora.
o 'ʝanis 'ipe 'oti o va'silis 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] John[nom] said[past,3.Sg] that the[m,nom] Bill[acc] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc].
John said Bill wrote a report.
ne, me 'mia piθa'ni a'naɣnosi/a'nalisi
Nai,me mia pithani anagnosi/analisi.
Yes, on one possible reading/parse.
O Giannis eipe oti i Mairi egrapse mia anafora kai o Vasilis episis.
o 'ʝanis 'ipe 'oti i 'meri 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra ce o va'silis e'pisis.
The[m,nom] John[nom] said[past,3.Sg] that the[f,nom] Mary[acc] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] and the[m,nom] Bill[nom] too.
John said Mary wrote a report, and Bill did too.
Eipe o Vasilis oti i Mairi egrapse mia anafora?
'ipe o va'silis 'oti i 'meri 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra?
Said[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] that the[f,nom] Mary[acc] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc]?
Did Bill say Mary wrote a report?
O Vasilis eipe oti i Mairi egrapse mia anafora.
o va'silis 'ipe 'oti i 'meri 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] said[past,3.Sg] that the[f,nom] Mary[acc] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc].
Bill said Mary wrote a report.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Note that the first sentence in (175) and (176) is syntactically
ambiguous, depending on whether the conjunctive clause conjoins with the main
or subordinate clause of "John said Mary wrote a report". In (177) the
conjunctive clause unambiguously conjoins with the subordinate clause, and
only one interpretation of the ellipsis is possible. This appears to indicate
that the antecedent clause to a VP ellipsis must be adjacent to the elliptical
clause. However, as the examples below show, this is not correct.
O Giannis egrapse mia anafora kai o Vasilis eipe oti kai o Petros episis.
o 'ʝanis 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra ce o va'silis 'ipe 'oti ce o 'petros e'pisis.
The[m,nom] John[nom] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] and the[m,nom] Bill[nom] said[past,3.Sg] that and the[m,nom] Peter[nom] too.
John wrote a report, and Bill said Peter did too.
Eipe o Vasilis oti o Petros egrapse mia anafora?
'ipe o va'silis 'oti o 'petros 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra?
Said[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] that the[m,nom] Peter[acc] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc]?
Did Bill say Peter wrote a report?
O Vasilis eipe oti o Petros egrapse mia anafora.
o va'silis 'ipe 'oti o 'petros 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] said[past,3.Sg] that the[m,nom] Peter[acc] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc].
Bill said Peter wrote a report.
Nai
ne
Yes
Embedded elliptical clause
An o Giannis egrapse mia anafora tote kai o Vasilis to ekane episis.
an o 'ʝanis 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra 'tote ce o va'silis to 'ekane e'pisis.
If the[m,nom] John[nom] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] then and the[m,nom] Bill[nom] it[neut,acc] did[past,3.Sg] too.
If John wrote a report, then Bill did too.
O Giannis egrapse mia anafora.
o 'ʝanis 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] John[nom] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc].
John wrote a report.
Egrapse o Vasilis mia anafora?
'eɣrapse o va'silis mɲa anafo'ra?
Wrote[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] a[f,acc] report[acc]?
Did Bill write a report?
O Vasilis egrapse mia anafora.
o va'silis 'eɣrapse mɲa anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc].
Bill wrote a report.
Nai
ne
Yes
Elliptical and antecedent clause embedded (in parallel)
O Giannis ithele na agorasei ena aytokinito kai to ekane.
o 'ʝanis 'iθele na aɣo'rasi 'ena afto'cinito ce to 'ekane.
The[m,nom] John[nom] wanted[past,3.Sg] to buy[pres,3.Sg,subj] a[neut,acc] car[acc] and it[neut,acc] did[past,3.Sg].
John wanted to buy a car, and he did.
Agorase o Giannis ena aytokinito?
a'ɣorase o 'ʝanis 'ena afto'cinito?
Buy[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] a[neut,acc] car[acc]?
Did John buy a car?
O Giannis agorase ena aytokinito.
o 'ʝanis a'ɣorase 'ena afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] John[nom] bought[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] car[acc].
John bought a car.
Nai
ne
Yes
Embedded antecedent clause
O Giannis eprepe na agorasei ena aytokinito kai o Vasilis to ekane.
o 'ʝanis 'eprepe na aɣo'rasi 'ena afto'cinito ce o va'silis to 'ekane.
The[m,nom] John[nom] need[past,3.Sg] to buy[pres,3.Sg,subj] a[neut,acc] car[acc] and the[m,nom] Bill[nom] it[neut,acc] did[past,3.Sg].
John needed to buy a car, and Bill did.
Agorase o Vasilis ena aytokinito?
a'ɣorase o va'silis 'ena afto'cinito ?
Buy[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Bill[nom] a[neut,acc] car[acc]?
Did Bill buy a car?
O Vasilis agorase ena aytokinito.
o va'silis a'ɣorase 'ena afto'cinito.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] bought[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] car[acc].
Bill bought a car.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Other configurational effects of the kinds illustrated in Deliverable 7 are
hard to exemplify using inference suites.
4.8 Ellipsis and Anaphora
The following inferences illustrate differences between strict and sloppy
interpretations of anaphors in elliptical clauses.
O Smith ekprosopei tin etairia tou kai to idio kai o Tzoouns.
o smiθ ekproso'pi tin ete'ria tu ce to 'iðʝo ce o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith[nom] represents[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] company[acc] his[gen] and so and the[m,nom] Jones[nom].
Smith represents his company and so does Jones.
O Tzoouns ekprosopei tin etairia tou Tzoouns?
o 'dzouns ekproso'pi tin ete'ria tu 'dzouns?
The[m,nom] Jones[nom] represents[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] company[acc] the[m,gen] Jones[acc]?
Does Jones represent Jones' company?
O Tzoouns ekprosopei tin etairia tou Tzoouns.
o 'dzouns ekproso'pi tin ete'ria tu 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Jones[nom] represents[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] company[acc] the[m,gen] Jones[acc].
Jones represents Jones' company.
Nai,me mia proti anagnosi.
ne, me 'mia 'proti a'naɣnosi.
Yes, on one reading
Sloppy identity
O Smith ekprosopei tin etairia tou kai to idio kai o Tzoouns.
o smiθ ekproso'pi tin ete'ria tu ce to 'iðʝo ce o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith[nom] represents[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] company[acc] his[gen] and so and the[m,nom] Jones[nom].
Smith represents his company and so does Jones.
O Tzoouns ekprosopei tin etairia tou Smith?
o 'dzouns ekproso'pi tin ete'ria tu smiθ?
The[m,nom] Jones[nom] represents[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] company[acc] the[m,gen] Smith[acc]?
Does Jones represent Smith's company?
O Tzoouns ekprosopei tin etairia tou Smith.
o 'dzouns ekproso'pi tin ete'ria tu smiθ.
The[m,nom] Jones[nom] represents[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] company[acc] the[m,gen] Smith[acc].
Jones represents Smith's company.
Nai,me mia proti anagnosi.
ne, me 'mia 'proti a'naɣnosi.
Yes, on one reading
Strict identity
O Smith ekprosopei tin etairia tou kai to idio kai o Tzoouns.
o smiθ ekproso'pi tin ete'ria tu ce to 'iðʝo ce o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith[nom] represents[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] company[acc] his[gen] and so and the[m,nom] Jones[nom].
Smith represents his company and so does Jones.
O Smith ekprosopei tin etairia tou Tzoouns?
o smiθ ekproso'pi tin ete'ria tu 'dzouns?
The[m,nom] Smith[nom] represents[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] company[acc] the[m,gen] Jones[acc]?
Does Smith represent Jones' company?
O Smith ekprosopei tin etairia tou Tzoouns.
o smiθ ekproso'pi tin ete'ria tu 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith[nom] represents[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] company[acc] the[m,gen] Jones[acc].
Smith represents Jones' company.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
O Smith ischiristike oti eiche kostologisei tin protasi tou kai to idio kai o Tzoouns.
o smiθ isçi'ristice 'oti 'içe kostolo'ʝisi tin 'prota'si tu ce to'iðʝo ce o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith[nom] claimed[past,3.Sg] that had costed[past.perf,3.Sg] the[f,acc] proposal[acc] his[gen] and so and the[m,nom] Jones[nom].
Smith claimed he had costed his proposal and so did Jones.
Ischiristike o Tzoouns oti eiche kostologisei ti diki tou protasi?
isçi'ristice o 'dzouns 'oti 'içe kostolo'ʝisi ti ði'ci tu 'protasi?
Claimed[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones[nom] that had costed[past.perf,3.Sg] the[f,acc] own[gen] his[gen] proposal[acc]?
Did Jones claim he had costed his own proposal?
O Tzoouns ischiristike oti eiche kostologisei ti diki tou protasi.
o 'dzouns isçi'ristice 'oti 'içe kostolo'ʝisi ti ði'ci tu 'protasi.
The[m,nom] Jones[nom] claimed[past,3.Sg] that had costed[past.perf,3.Sg] the[f,acc] own[gen] his[gen] proposal[acc].
Jones claimed he had costed his own proposal.
Nai,me mia proti anagnosi.
ne, me 'mia 'proti a'naɣnosi.
Yes, on one reading
Sloppy identity on both pronouns
O Smith ischiristike oti eiche kostologisei tin protasi tou kai to idio kai o Tzoouns.
o smiθ isçi'ristice 'oti 'içe kostolo'ʝisi tin 'prota'si tu ce to'iðʝo ce o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith[nom] claimed[past,3.Sg] that had costed[past.perf,3.Sg] the[f,acc] proposal[acc] his[gen] and so and the[m,nom] Jones[nom].
Smith claimed he had costed his proposal and so did Jones.
Ischiristike o Tzoouns oti eiche kostologisei tin protasi tou Smith?
isçi'ristice o 'dzouns 'oti 'içe kostolo'ʝisi tin 'protasi tu smiθ?
Claimed[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones[nom] that had costed[past.perf,3.Sg] the[f,acc] proposal[acc] the[m,gen] Smith[gen]?
Did Jones claim he had costed Smith's proposal?
O Tzoouns ischiristike oti eiche kostologisei tin protasi tou Smith.
o 'dzouns isçi'ristice 'oti 'içe kostolo'ʝisi tin 'protasi tu smiθ.
The[m,nom] Jones[nom] claimed[past,3.Sg] that had costed[past.perf,3.Sg] the[f,acc] proposal[acc] the[m,gen] Smith[gen].
Jones claimed he had costed Smith's proposal.
Nai,me mia proti anagnosi.
ne, me 'mia 'proti a'naɣnosi.
Yes, on one reading
Sloppy identity "he", strict on "his"
O Smith ischiristike oti eiche kostologisei tin protasi tou kai to idio kai o Tzoouns.
o smiθ isçi'ristice 'oti 'içe kostolo'ʝisi tin 'prota'si tu ce to'iðʝo ce o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith[nom] claimed[past,3.Sg] that had costed[past.perf,3.Sg] the[f,acc] proposal[acc] his[gen] and so and the[m,nom] Jones[nom].
Smith claimed he had costed his proposal and so did Jones.
Ischiristike o Tzoouns oti o Smith eiche kostologisei tin protasi tou Smith?
isçi'ristice o 'dzouns 'oti 'içe kostolo'ʝisi tin 'protasi tu smiθ?
Claimed[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones[nom] that the[m,nom] Smith[nom] had costed[past.perf,3.Sg] the[f,acc] proposal[acc] the[m,gen] Smith[gen]?
Did Jones claim Smith had costed Smith's proposal?
O Tzoouns ischiristike oti o Smith eiche kostologisei tin protasi tou Smith.
o 'dzouns isçi'ristice 'oti o smiθ 'içe kostolo'ʝisi tin 'protasi tu smiθ.
The[m,nom] Jones[nom] claimed[past,3.Sg] that the[m,nom] Smith[nom] had costed[past.perf,3.Sg] the[f,acc] proposal[acc] the[m,gen] Smith[gen].
Jones claimed Smith had costed Smith's proposal.
Nai,me mia proti anagnosi.
ne, me 'mia 'proti a'naɣnosi.
Yes, on one reading
Strict identity on both pronouns
O Smith ischiristike oti eiche kostologisei tin protasi tou kai to idio kai o Tzoouns.
o smiθ isçi'ristice 'oti 'içe kostolo'ʝisi tin 'prota'si tu ce to'iðʝo ce o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith[nom] claimed[past,3.Sg] that had costed[past.perf,3.Sg] the[f,acc] proposal[acc] his[gen] and so and the[m,nom] Jones[nom].
Smith claimed he had costed his proposal and so did Jones.
Ischiristike o Tzoouns oti o Smith eiche kostologisei tin protasi tou Tzoouns?
isçi'ristice o 'dzouns 'oti o smiθ 'içe kostolo'ʝisi tin 'protasi tu 'dzouns?
Claimed[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones[nom] that the[m,nom] Smith[nom] had costed[past.perf,3.Sg] the[f,acc] proposal[acc] the[m,gen] Jones[gen]?
Did Jones claim Smith had costed Jones' proposal?
O Tzoouns ischiristike oti o Smith eiche kostologisei tin protasi tou Tzoouns.
o 'dzouns isçi'ristice 'oti o smiθ 'içe kostolo'ʝisi tin 'protasi tu 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Jones[nom] claimed[past,3.Sg] that the[m,nom] Smith[nom] had costed[past.perf,3.Sg] the[f,acc] proposal[acc] the[m,gen] Jones[gen].
Jones claimed Smith had costed Jones' proposal.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Can't have strict identity on "he" and sloppy identity on "his"
O Giannis einai andras kai i Mairi einai gynaika.
o 'ʝanis 'ine 'anðras ce i 'meri ine ʝi'neka.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] man[nom] and the[f,nom] Mary[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] woman[nom].
John is a man and Mary is a woman.
O Giannis ekprosopei tin etairia tou kai to idio kai i Mairi.
'ʝanis ekproso'pi tin ete'ria tu ce to 'iðʝo ce i 'meri.
The[m,nom] John[nom] represents[pres,3.Sg] the[f,acc] company[acc] his[gen] and so the[f,nom] Mary[nom].
John represents his company and so does Mary.
I Mairi ekprosopei ti diki tis etairia?
i 'meri ekproso'pi ti ði'ci tis ete'ria?
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] represents[pres,3.Sg] the[f,acc] own[gen] her[gen] company[acc]?
Does Mary represent her own company?
I Mairi ekprosopei ti diki tis etairia.
i 'meri ekproso'pi ti ði'ci tis ete'ria.
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] represents[pres,3.Sg] the[f,acc] own[gen] her[gen] company[acc].
Mary represents her own company.
Nai,me mia proti anagnosi.
ne, me 'mia 'proti a'naɣnosi.
Yes, on one reading
Sloppy identity, gender agreement not necessary
O Giannis einai andras kai i Mairi einai gynaika.
o 'ʝanis 'ine 'anðras ce i 'meri ine ʝi'neka.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] man[nom] and the[f,nom] Mary[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] woman[nom].
John is a man and Mary is a woman.
O Giannis ekprosopei tin etairia tou kai to idio kai i Mairi.
'ʝanis ekproso'pi tin ete'ria tu ce to 'iðʝo ce i 'meri.
The[m,nom] John[nom] represents[pres,3.Sg] the[f,acc] company[acc] his[gen] and so the[f,nom] Mary[nom].
John represents his company and so does Mary.
I Mairi ekprosopei tin etairia tou Gianni?
i 'meri ekproso'pi tin ete'ria tu 'ʝani?
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] represents[pres,3.Sg] the[f,acc] company[acc] the[m,gen] John[gen]?
Does Mary represent John's company?
I Mairi ekprosopei tin etairia tou Gianni.
i 'meri ekproso'pi tin ete'ria tu 'ʝani
The[f,nom] Mary[nom] represents[pres,3.Sg] the[f,acc] company[acc] the[m,gen] John[gen].
Mary represents John's company.
Nai,me mia proti anagnosi.
ne, me 'mia 'proti a'naɣnosi.
Yes, on one reading
Strict identity, gender agreement not necessary
O Vasilis proteine sto aphentiko tou Frank oti prepei na pane sti syskepsi mazi, kai o Karl sti gynaika tou Alan.
o va'silis 'protine sto afedi'ko tu fraŋk 'oti 'prepi na 'pane sti 'siscepsi ma'zi, ce o karl sti ʝi'neka tu 'alan.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] suggested[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] boss[acc] the[m,gen] Frank that should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together to the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc], and the[m,nom] Carl to the[contr,f,sg,acc] wife[acc] the[m,gen] Alan.
Bill suggested to Frank's boss that they should go to the meeting together, and Carl to Alan's wife.
An protathike oti o Vasilis kai o Frank prepei na pane mazi, protathike oti o Karl kai o Alan prepei na pane mazi?
an pro'taθice 'oti o va'silis ce o fraŋk 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi, pro'taθice 'oti o karl ce o 'alan 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi?
If it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] and the[m,nom] Frank[nom] should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together,it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Carl and the[m,nom] Alan should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together?
If it was suggested that Bill and Frank should go together, was it suggested that Carl and Alan should go together?
An protathike oti o Vasilis kai o Frank prepei na pane mazi, protathike oti o Karl kai o Alan prepei na pane mazi.
an pro'taθice 'oti o va'silis ce o fraŋk 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi, pro'taθice 'oti o karl ce o 'alan 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi.
If it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] and the[m,nom] Frank[nom] should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together,it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Carl and the[m,nom] Alan should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together.
If it was suggested that Bill and Frank should go together, it was suggested that Carl and Alan should go together.
Nai
ne
Yes
Plural pronouns resolved in parallel
O Vasilis proteine sto aphentiko tou Frank oti prepei na pane sti syskepsi mazi, kai o Karl sti gynaika tou Alan.
o va'silis 'protine sto afedi'ko tu fraŋk 'oti 'prepi na 'pane sti 'siscepsi ma'zi, ce o karl sti ʝi'neka tu 'alan.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] suggested[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] boss[acc] the[m,gen] Frank that should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together to the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc], and the[m,nom] Carl to the[contr,f,sg,acc] wife[acc] the[m,gen] Alan.
Bill suggested to Frank's boss that they should go to the meeting together, and Carl to Alan's wife.
An protathike oti o Vasilis kai o Frank prepei na pane mazi, protathike oti o Karl kai i gynaika tou Alan prepei na pane mazi?
an pro'taθice 'oti o va'silis ce o fraŋk 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi, pro'taθice 'oti o karl ce i ʝi'neka tu 'alan 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi?
If it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] and the[m,nom] Frank[nom] should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together,it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Carl and the[f,nom] wife[nom] the[m,gen] Alan should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together?
If it was suggested that Bill and Frank should go together, was it suggested that Carl and Alan's wife should go together?
An protathike oti o Vasilis kai o Frank prepei na pane mazi, protathike oti o Karl kai i gynaika tou Alan prepei na pane mazi.
an pro'taθice 'oti o va'silis ce o fraŋk 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi, pro'taθice 'oti o karl ce i ʝi'neka tu 'alan 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi.
If it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] and the[m,nom] Frank[nom] should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together,it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Carl[nom] and the[f,nom] wife[nom] the[m,gen] Alan should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together.
If it was suggested that Bill and Frank should go together, it was suggested that Carl and Alan's wife should go together.
Nai
ne
Yes
Plural pronouns resolved in parallel
O Vasilis proteine sto aphentiko tou Frank oti prepei na pane sti syskepsi mazi, kai o Karl sti gynaika tou Alan.
o va'silis 'protine sto afedi'ko tu fraŋk 'oti 'prepi na 'pane sti 'siscepsi ma'zi, ce o karl sti ʝi'neka tu 'alan.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] suggested[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] boss[acc] the[m,gen] Frank that should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together to the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc], and the[m,nom] Carl to the[contr,f,sg,acc] wife[acc] the[m,gen] Alan.
Bill suggested to Frank's boss that they should go to the meeting together, and Carl to Alan's wife.
An protathike oti o Vasilis kai to aphentiko tou Frank prepei na pane mazi, protathike oti o Karl kai i gynaika tou Alan prepei na pane mazi?
an pro'taθice 'oti o va'silis ce to afedi'ko tu fraŋk 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi, pro'taθice 'oti o karl ce i ʝi'neka tu 'alan 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi?
If it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] and the[m,nom] boss[nom] the[m,gen] Frank should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together,it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Carl and the[f,nom] wife[nom] the[m,gen] Alan should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together?
If it was suggested that Bill and Frank's boss should go together, was it suggested that Carl and Alan's wife should go together?
An protathike oti o Vasilis kai to aphentiko tou Frank prepei na pane mazi, protathike oti o Karl kai i gynaika tou Alan prepei na pane mazi.
an pro'taθice 'oti o va'silis ce to afedi'ko tu fraŋk 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi, pro'taθice 'oti o karl ce i ʝi'neka tu 'alan 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi.
If it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] and the[m,nom] boss[nom] the[m,gen] Frank should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together,it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Carl and the[f,nom] wife[nom] the[m,gen] Alan should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together.
If it was suggested that Bill and Frank's boss should go together, it was suggested that Carl and Alan's wife should go together.
Nai
ne
Yes
Plural pronouns resolved in parallel
O Vasilis proteine sto aphentiko tou Frank oti prepei na pane sti syskepsi mazi, kai o Karl sti gynaika tou Alan.
o va'silis 'protine sto afedi'ko tu fraŋk 'oti 'prepi na 'pane sti 'siscepsi ma'zi, ce o karl sti ʝi'neka tu 'alan.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] suggested[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] boss[acc] the[m,gen] Frank that should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together to the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc], and the[m,nom] Karl to the[contr,f,sg,acc] wife[acc] the[m,gen] Alan.
Bill suggested to Frank's boss that they should go to the meeting together, and Carl to Alan's wife.
An protathike oti o Vasilis kai to aphentiko tou Frank prepei na pane mazi, protathike oti o Karl kai o Alan prepei na pane mazi?
an pro'taθice 'oti o va'silis ce to afedi'ko tu fraŋk 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi, pro'taθice 'oti o karl ce o 'alan 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi?
If it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] and the[m,nom] boss[nom] the[m,gen] Frank should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together,it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Carl and the[m,nom] Alan should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together?
If it was suggested that Bill and Frank's boss should go together, was it suggested that Carl and Alan should go together?
An protathike oti o Vasilis kai to aphentiko tou Frank prepei na pane mazi, protathike oti o Karl kai o Alan prepei na pane mazi.
an pro'taθice 'oti o va'silis ce to afedi'ko tu fraŋk 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi, pro'taθice 'oti o karl ce o 'alan 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi.
If it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom] and the[m,nom] boss[nom] the[m,gen] Frank should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together,it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Carl and the[m,nom] Alan should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together.
If it was suggested that Bill and Frank's boss should go together, it was suggested that Carl and Alan should go together.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Plural pronouns resolved in parallel
O Vasilis proteine sto aphentiko tou Frank oti prepei na pane sti syskepsi mazi, kai o Karl sti gynaika tou Alan.
o va'silis 'protine sto afedi'ko tu fraŋk 'oti 'prepi na 'pane sti 'siscepsi ma'zi, ce o karl sti ʝi'neka tu 'alan.
The[m,nom] Bill[nom] suggested[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,neut,sg,acc] boss[acc] the[m,gen] Frank that should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together to the[contr,f,sg,acc] meeting[acc], and the[m,nom] Karl to the[contr,f,sg,acc] wife[acc] the[m,gen] Alan.
Bill suggested to Frank's boss that they should go to the meeting together, and Carl to Alan's wife.
An protathike oti o Vasilis, o Frank kai to aphentiko tou Frank prepei na pane mazi, protathike oti o Karl,o Alan kai i gynaika tou Alan prepei na pane mazi?
an pro'taθice 'oti o va'silis, o fraŋk ce to afedi'ko tu fraŋk 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi, pro'taθice 'oti o karl, o 'alan ce i ʝi'neka tu 'alan 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi?
If it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom],the[m,nom] Frank and the[m,nom] boss[nom] the[m,gen] Frank should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together,it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Carl,the[m,nom] Alan and the[f,nom] wife[acc] the[m,gen] Alan should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together?
If it was suggested that Bill, Frank and Frank's boss should go together, was it suggested that Carl, Alan and Alan's wife should go together?
An protathike oti o Vasilis, o Frank kai to aphentiko tou Frank prepei na pane mazi, protathike oti o Karl,o Alan kai i gynaika tou Alan prepei na pane mazi.
an pro'taθice 'oti o va'silis, o fraŋk ce to afedi'ko tu fraŋk 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi, pro'taθice 'oti o karl, o 'alan ce i ʝi'neka tu 'alan 'prepi na 'pane ma'zi.
If it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Bill[nom],the[m,nom] Frank and the[m,nom] boss[nom] the[m,gen] Frank should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together,it-suggested[past,3.Sg,passive] that the[m,nom] Carl,the[m,nom] Alan and the[f,nom] wife[acc] the[m,gen] Alan should[pres,impers] to go[pres,3.Pl,subj] together.
If it was suggested that Bill, Frank and Frank's boss should go together, it was suggested that Carl, Alan and Alan's wife should go together.
Nai
ne
Yes
Plural pronouns resolved in parallel
4.9 Ellipsis and Quantification
Scope parallelism turns out to be rather tricky to illustrate
through inference suites. This is because of the entailment relation: 98
j= 89.
Enas dikigoros ypegrapse kathe anafora kai to idio ekane enas elegktis.
'enas ðici'ɣoros i'peɣrapse 'kaθe anafo'ra ce to 'iðʝo 'ekane 'enas ele'ŋktis.
A[m,nom] lawyer[nom] signed[past,3.Sg] every report[acc] and so did[past,3.Sg] a[m,nom] auditor[nom].
A lawyer signed every report, and so did an auditor.
Diladi, ypirche enas dikigoros pou ypegrapse oles tis anafores.
ðila'ði, i'pirçe 'enas ðici'ɣoros pu i'peɣrapse 'oles tis anafo'res.
That is, exist[past,3.Sg] a[m,nom] lawyer[nom] who signed[past,3.Sg] all[f,acc] the[f,acc] reports[acc].
That is, there was one lawyer who signed all the reports.
Ypirche enas elegktis pou ypegrapse oles tis anafores?
i'pirçe 'enas ele'ŋktis pu i'peɣrapse 'oles tis anafo'res?
Exist[past,3.Sg] a[m,nom] auditor[nom] who signed[past,3.Sg] all[f,acc] the[f,acc] reports[acc]?
Was there one auditor who signed all the reports?
Ypirche enas elegktis pou ypegrapse oles tis anafores.
i'pirçe 'enas ele'ŋktis pu i'peɣrapse 'oles tis anafo'res.
Exist[past,3.Sg] a[m,nom] auditor[nom] who signed[past,3.Sg] all[f,acc] the[f,acc] reports[acc].
There was one auditor who signed all the reports.
Nai
ne
Yes
5 ADJECTIVES
The inferences below carve up adjectives into (a by no means exhaustive)
cross-cutting set of dimensions. Typical inferences are given for example
adjectives.
5.1 Affirmative and Non-Affirmative
Affirmative adjectives map the denotation of the predicate they modify onto a
subset of the denotation. So for example, an old man is a man. Most adjectives
are affirmative, but a few like former and fake are not. Given that someone is
a former student, one cannot conclude that they are now a student. But it is
not entirely clear whether one can conclude that they are not now a student
... they may have become one again.
O Giannis echei ena alithino diamanti.
o 'ʝanis 'eçi 'ena aliθi'no ðʝa'madi.
The[m,nom] John[nom] has[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] genuine[neut,acc] diamond[acc].
John has a genuine diamond.
Echei o Giannis ena diamanti?
'eçi o 'ʝanis'ena ðʝa'madi?
Has[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] a[neut,acc] diamond[acc]?
Does John have a diamond?
O Giannis echei ena diamanti
o 'ʝanis 'eçi 'ena ðʝa'madi.
The[m,nom] John[nom] has[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] diamond[acc].
John has a diamond.
Nai
ne
Yes
Affirmative adjectives: Adj N entails N
O Giannis einai enas proin foititis panepistimiou.
o 'ʝanis 'ine 'enas 'proin fiti'tis panepisti'miu.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] a[m,nom] former student[m,nom] university[gen].
John is a former university student.
Einai o Giannis enas foititis panepistimiou?
'ine o 'ʝanis 'enas fiti'tis panepisti'miu?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] a[m,nom] student[m,nom] university[gen]?
Is John a university student?
O Giannis einai enas foititis panepistimiou.
o 'ʝanis 'ine 'enas fiti'tis panepisti'miu.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] a[m,nom] student[m,nom] university[gen].
John is a university student.
Ochi / den ksero
'oçi/ ðeŋ 'ksero
No / don't know
Non-affirmative: Adj N =/=> N
(Opinions differ about whether "Adj N entails !N")
O Giannis einai enas petychimenos proin foititis panepistimiou.
o 'ʝanis 'ine 'enas petiçi'menos 'proin fiti'tis panepisti'miu.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] a[m,nom] successful[m,nom] former student[m,nom] university[gen].
John is a successful former university student.
Einai o Giannis petychimenos?
'ine o 'ʝanis petiçi'menos?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] successful[m,nom]?
Is John successful?
O Giannis einai petychimenos.
o 'ʝanis 'ine petiçi'menos.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] successful[m,nom].
John is successful.
Nai (gia proin foititis panepistimiou)
ne (ʝa 'proin fiti'tes panepisti'miu )
Yes (for a former university student)
Ordering between affirmative and non-affirmative adjectives affects which
adjectival predications are and aren't affirmed
O Giannis einai enas proin petychimenos foititis panepistimiou.
o 'ʝanis 'ine 'enas 'proin petiçi'menos fiti'tis panepisti'miu.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] a[m,nom] former successful[m,nom] student[m,nom] university[gen].
John is a former successful university student.
Einai o Giannis petychimenos?
'ine o 'ʝanis petiçi'menos?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] successful[m,nom]?
Is John successful?
O Giannis einai petychimenos.
o 'ʝanis 'ine petiçi'menos.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] successful[m,nom].
John is successful.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
O Giannis einai enas proin petychimenos foititis panepistimiou.
o 'ʝanis 'ine 'enas 'proin petiçi'menos fiti'tis panepisti'miu.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] a[m,nom] former successful[m,nom] student[m,nom] university[gen].
John is a former successful university student.
Einai o Giannis enas foititis panepistimiou?
'ine o 'ʝanis 'enas fiti'tis panepisti'miu?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] a[m,nom] student[m,nom] university[gen]?
Is John a university student?
O Giannis einai enas foititis panepistimiou.
o 'ʝanis 'ine 'enas fiti'tis panepisti'miu.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] a[m,nom] student[m,nom] university[gen].
John is a university student.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
John may currently be an unsuccessful university student
5.2 No Comparison Class
Gradable adjectives (e.g. big, small) usually assume some form of comparison
class (i.e. "big for an N"). But some others do not e.g. four-legged, or the
adjectival phrase ten foot long. Adjectives not requiring a comparison class
permit straightforward predication without reference to a nominal property
providing a comparison class: a ten foot long alligator is ten foot long.
Kathe thilastiko einai zoo.
'kaθe θilasti'ko 'ine 'zoo.
Every mammal[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] animal[nom].
Every mammal is an animal.
Einai kathe tetrapodo thilastiko, tetrapodo zoo?
'ine 'kaθe te'trapoðo θilasti'ko, te'trapoðo 'zoo?
Is[pres,3.Sg] every four-legged[neut,nom] mammal[nom], four-legged[neut,nom] animal[nom]?
Is every four-legged mammal a four-legged animal?
Kathe tetrapodo thilastiko einai tetrapodo zoo.
'kaθe te'trapoðo θilasti'ko 'ine te'trapoðo 'zoo
Every four-legged[neut,nom] mammal[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] four-legged[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Every four-legged mammal is a four-legged animal.
Nai
ne
Yes
[N1 entails N2] entails [Adj(N1) entails Adj(N2)]
O Ntambo einai tetrapodo zoo.
o 'dambo 'ine te'trapoðo 'zoo.
The[m,nom] Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] four-legged[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Dumbo is a four-legged animal.
Einai o Ntambo tetrapodo?
'ine o 'dambo te'trapoðo?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Dumbo four-legged[neut,nom]?
Is Dumbo four-legged?
O Ntambo einai tetrapodo.
o 'dambo 'ine te'trapoðo.
The[m,nom] Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] four-legged[neut,nom].
Dumbo is four-legged.
Nai
ne
Yes
Adj(N)(x) entails Adj(x)
5.3 Opposites
Large and small (applied to the same comparison class) are opposites. If
something is a small N it cannot be a large N, and vice versa. Some things can
be neither large nor small Ns.
O Miki einai mikro zoo.
o 'mici 'ine mi'kro 'zoo.
The[m,nom] Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] small[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Mickey is a small animal.
Einai o Miki megalo zoo?
'ine o 'mici me'ɣalo 'zoo?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Mickey large[neut,nom] animal[nom]?
Is Mickey a large animal?
O Miki einai megalo zoo.
o 'mici 'ine me'ɣalo 'zoo.
The[m,nom] MIckey is[pres,3.Sg] large[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Mickey is a large animal.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Small(N) entails !Large(N)
O Ntambo einai megalo zoo.
o 'dambo 'ine me'ɣalo 'zoo.
The[m,nom] Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] large[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Dumbo is a large animal.
Einai o Ntambo mikro zoo?
'ine o 'dambo mi'kro 'zoo?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Dumbo small[neut,nom] animal[nom]?
Is Dumbo a small animal?
O Ntambo einai mikro zoo.
o 'dambo 'ine mi'kro 'zoo
The[m,nom] Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] small[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Dumbo is a small animal.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Large(N) entails !Small(N)
O Finto den einai mikro zoo.
o 'findo ðen 'ine mi'kro 'zoo.
The[m,nom] Fido not is[pres,3.Sg] small[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Fido is not a small animal.
Einai o Finto megalo zoo?
'ine o 'findo me'ɣalo 'zoo?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Fido large[neut,nom] animal[nom]?
Is Fido a large animal?
O Finto einai megalo zoo.
o 'findo 'ine me'ɣalo 'zoo.
The[m,nom] Fido is[pres,3.Sg] large[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Fido is a large animal.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
!Small(N) =/=> Large(N)
O Finto den einai megalo zoo.
o 'findo ðen'ine me'ɣalo 'zoo.
The[m,nom] Fido not is[pres,3.Sg] large[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Fido is not a large animal.
Einai o Finto mikro zoo?
o 'findo 'ine mi'kro 'zoo?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Fido small[neut,nom] animal[nom]?
Is Fido a small animal?
O Finto einai mikro zoo.
o 'findo 'ine mi'kro 'zoo.
The[m,nom] Fido is[pres,3.Sg] small[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Fido is a small animal.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
!Large(N) =/=> Small(N)
O Miki einai mikro zoo.
o 'mici 'ine mi'kro 'zoo.
The[m,nom] Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] small[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Mickey is a small animal.
O Ntambo einai megalo zoo.
o 'dambo 'ine me'ɣalo 'zoo.
The[m,nom] Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] large[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Dumbo is a large animal.
Einai o Miki mikroteros apo to Ntambo?
'ine o 'mici mi'kroteros a'po to 'dambo?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Mickey smaller[m,nom] than the[m,acc] Dumbo?
Is Mickey smaller than Dumbo?
O Miki einai mikroteros apo to Ntambo.
o 'mici 'ine mi'kroteros a'po to 'dambo
The[m,nom] Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] smaller[m,nom] than the[m,acc] Dumbo.
Mickey is smaller than Dumbo.
Nai
ne
Yes
"Small" and "large" are related via the comparative "smaller"
O Miki einai mikro zoo.
o 'mici 'ine mi'kro 'zoo.
The[m,nom] Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] small[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Mickey is a small animal.
o 'dambo 'ine me'ɣalo 'zoo.
O Ntambo einai megalo zoo.
The[m,nom] Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] large[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Dumbo is a large animal.
Einai o Miki megalyteros apo to Ntambo?
'ine o 'mici meɣa'literos a'po to 'dambo?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Mickey larger[m,nom] than the[m,acc] Dumbo?
Is Mickey larger than Dumbo?
O Miki einai megalyteros apo to Ntambo.
o 'mici 'ine meɣa'literos a'po to 'dambo.
The[m,nom] Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] larger[m,nom] than the[m,acc] Dumbo.
Mickey is larger than Dumbo.
Ochi
'oçi
No
"Small" and "large" are related via the comparative "larger"
5.4 Extensional Comparison Classes
Adjectives like large and small depend only on the extension of the
comparison class they depend on.
Ola ta pontikia einai mikra zoa.
'ola ta po'dica 'ine mi'kra 'zoa.
All[neut,nom] the[neut,nom] mice[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] small[neut,pl,nom] animals[nom].
All mice are small animals.
O Miki einai megalo pontiki.
o 'mici 'ine me'ɣalo po'dici.
The[m,nom] Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] large[neut,nom] mouse[nom].
Mickey is a large mouse.
Einai o Miki megalo pontiki?
'ine o 'mici me'ɣalo po'dici?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Mickey large[neut,nom] mouse[nom]?
Is Mickey a large animal?
O Miki einai megalo pontiki.
o 'mici 'ine me'ɣalo po'dici.
The[m,nom] MIckey is[pres,3.Sg] large[neut,nom] mouse[nom].
Mickey is a large animal.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Oloi oi elephantes einai megala zoa.
'oli i e'lefades 'ine me'ɣala 'zoa.
All[m,nom] the[m,nom] elephants[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] large[neut,pl,nom] animals[nom].
All elephants are large animals.
O Ntambo einai mikros elephantas.
o 'dambo 'ine mi'kros e'lefadas.
The[m,nom] Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] small[neut,nom] elephant[nom].
Dumbo is a small elephant.
Einai o Ntambo mikro zoo?
'ine o 'dambo mi'kro 'zoo?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Dumbo small[neut,nom] animal[nom]?
Is Dumbo a small animal?
O Ntambo einai mikro zoo.
o'dambo 'ine mi'kro 'zoo.
The[m,nom] Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] small[neut,nom] animal[nom].
Dumbo is a small animal.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Ola ta pontikia einai mikra zoa.
'ola ta po'dica 'ine mi'kra 'zoa.
All[neut,nom] the[neut,nom] mice[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] small[neut,pl,nom] animals[nom].
All mice are small animals.
Oloi oi elephantes einai megala zoa.
'oli i e'lefades 'ine me'ɣala 'zoa.
All[m,nom] the[m,nom] elephants[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] large[neut,pl,nom] animals[nom].
All elephants are large animals.
O Miki einai megalo pontiki.
o 'mici 'ine me'ɣalo po'dici.
The[m,nom] Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] large[neut,nom] mouse[nom].
Mickey is a large mouse.
O Ntambo einai mikros elephantas.
o 'dambo 'ine mi'kros e'lefadas.
The[m,nom] Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] small[neut,nom] elephant[nom].
Dumbo is a small elephant.
Einai o Ntambo megalyteros apo to Miki?
'ine o 'dambo meɣa'literos a'po to 'mici?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Dumbo larger[m,nom] than the[m,acc] Mickey?
Is Dumbo larger than Mickey?
O Ntambo einai megalyteros apo to Miki.
o 'dambo 'ine meɣa'literos a'po to 'mici
The[m,nom] Dumbo is[pres,3.Sg] larger[m,nom] than the[m,acc] Mickey.
Dumbo is larger than Mickey.
Nai
ne
Yes
Assume comparative relations exemplified in (208) and (209)
Ola ta pontikia einai mikra zoa.
'ola ta po'dica 'ine mi'kra 'zoa.
All[neut,nom] the[neut,nom] mice[nom] are[pres,3.Pl] small[neut,pl,nom] animals[nom].
All mice are small animals.
O Miki einai megalo pontiki.
o 'mici 'ine me'ɣalo po'dici.
The[m,nom] Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] large[neut,nom] mouse[nom].
Mickey is a large mouse.
Einai o Miki mikros?
'ine o 'mici mi'kros?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Mickey small[m,nom]?
Is Mickey small?
O Miki einai mikros.
o 'mici 'ine mi'kros.
The[m,nom] Mickey is[pres,3.Sg] small[m,nom].
Mickey is small.
??: Nai gia pontiki; ??Ochi gia zoo
?? ne ʝa po'dici; ??'oçi ʝa 'zoo
??: Yes for a mouse; ?? No for an animal
Adjectives requiring a comparison class cannot usually be predicated in
the absence of a common noun, unless some comparison class is clear from
the wider context.
5.5 Extensional and Intensional Comparison Classes
Some adjectives require an "intensional" comparison class: different
inferences may follow when two distinct but co-extensive predicates provide
the comparison class.
Oles oi nomikes arches einai lektores nomikis.
'oles i nomi'ces ar'çes 'ine 'lektores nomi'cis.
All[f,nom] the[f,nom] authorities[nom] legal[f,pl,nom] are[pres,3.Pl] lecturers[nom] law[gen].
All legal authorities are law lecturers.
Oloi oi lektores nomikis einai nomikes arches.
'oli i 'lektores nomi'cis 'ine nomi'ces ar'çes.
All[m,nom] the[m,nom] lecturers[nom] law[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] authorities[nom] legal[f,pl,nom].
All law lecturers are legal authorities.
Einai oles oi chontres nomikes arches chontroi lektores nomikis?
'ine 'oles i ço'dres nomi'ces ar'çes ço'dri 'lektores nomi'cis?
Are[pres,3.Pl] all[f,nom] the[f,nom] fat[f,nom] authorities[nom] legal[f,pl,nom] fat[m,nom] lecturers[nom] law[gen] ?
Are all fat legal authorities fat law lecturers?
Oles oi chontres nomikes arches einai chontroi lektores nomikis.
'oles i ço'dres nomi'ces ar'çes 'ine ço'dri 'lektores nomi'cis.
All[f,nom] the[f,nom] fat[f,nom] authorities[nom] legal[f,pl,nom] are[pres,3.Pl] fat[m,nom] lecturers[nom] law[gen].
All fat legal authorities are fat law lecturers.
Nai
ne
Yes
Extensional comparison class
Oles oi nomikes arches einai lektores nomikis.
'oles i nomi'ces ar'çes 'ine 'lektores nomi'cis.
All[f,nom] the[f,nom] authorities[nom] legal[f,pl,nom] are[pres,3.Pl] lecturers[nom] law[gen].
All legal authorities are law lecturers.
Oloi oi lektores nomikis einai nomikes arches.
'oli i 'lektores nomi'cis 'ine nomi'ces ar'çes.
All[m,nom] the[m,nom] lecturers[nom] law[gen] are[pres,3.Pl] authorities[nom] legal[f,pl,nom].
All law lecturers are legal authorities.
Einai oles oi armodies nomikes arches armodioi lektores nomikis?
'ine 'oles i ar'moðies nomi'ces ar'çes ar'moðii 'lektores nomi'cis?
Are[pres,3.Pl] all[f,nom] the[f,nom] competent[f,nom] authorities[nom] legal[f,pl,nom] competent[m,nom] lecturers[nom] law[gen] ?
Are all competent legal authorities competent law lecturers?
Oles oi armodies nomikes arches einai armodioi lektores nomikis.
'oles i ar'moðies nomi'ces a'rçes 'ine ar'moðii 'lektores nomi'cis.
All[f,nom] the[f,nom] competent[f,nom] authorities[nom] legal[f,pl,nom] are[pres,3.Pl] competent[m,nom] lecturers[nom] law[gen].
All competent legal authorities are competent law lecturers.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Intensional comparison class
O Giannis einai pachyteros politikos apo to Vasili.
o 'ʝanis 'ine pa'çiteros politi'kos a'po to va'sili.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] fatter[m,nom] politician[nom] than the[m,acc] Bill[acc].
John is a fatter politician than Bill.
Einai o Giannis pachyteros apo to Vasili?
'ine o 'ʝanis pa'çiteros a'po to va'sili?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] fatter[m,nom] than the[m,acc] Bill[acc]?
Is John fatter than Bill?
O Giannis einai pachyteros apo to Vasili.
o 'ʝanis 'ine pa'çiteros a'po to va'sili.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] fatter[m,nom] than the[m,acc] Bill[acc].
John is fatter than Bill.
Nai
ne
Yes
Extensional
O Giannis einai pio eksipnos politikos apo to Vasili.
o 'ʝanis 'ine pço 'eksipnos politi'kos a'po to va'sili.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] more clever[m,nom] politician[nom] than the[m,acc] Bill[acc].
John is a cleverer politician than Bill.
Einai o Giannis pio eksipnos apo to Vasili?
'ine o 'ʝanis pço 'eksipnos a'po to va'sili?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] John[nom] more clever[m,nom] than the[m,acc] Bill[acc]?
Is John cleverer than Bill?
O Giannis einai pio eksipnos apo to Vasili.
o 'ʝanis 'ine pço 'eksipnos a'po to va'sili.
The[m,nom] John[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] more clever[m,nom] than the[m,acc] Bill[acc].
John is cleverer than Bill.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Intensional
Note that both intensional and extensional comparison class adjectives support
comparatives.
5.6 Default Comparison Classes
Comparison class adjectives can sometimes pick up a default comparison
class from the subject NP. For example, knowing that Kim is a person provides
a default scale for assessing cleverness in people. If Kim were known to be a
dog, the assessment scale would be different.
O Kim einai ena eksipno atomo.
o cim 'ine 'eksipno 'atomo.
The[m,nom] Kim[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,nom] clever[neut,nom] person[nom] .
Kim is a clever person.
Einai o Kim eksipnos?
'ine o cim 'eksipnos?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Kim[nom] clever[m,nom]?
Is Kim clever?
O Kim einai eksipnos.
o cim 'ine 'eksipnos.
The[m,nom] Kim[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] clever[m,nom].
Kim is clever.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Kim einai enas eksipnos politikos.
o cim 'ine 'enas 'eksipnos politi'kos.
The[m,nom] Kim[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] a[m,nom] clever[m,nom] politician[nom] .
Kim is a clever politician.
O Kim einai eksipnos.
o cim 'ine 'eksipnos.
The[m,nom] Kim[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] clever[m,nom].
Kim is clever.
O Kim einai eksipnos.
o cim 'ine 'eksipnos.
The[m,nom] Kim[nom] is[pres,3.Sg] clever[m,nom].
Kim is clever.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
6 COMPARATIVES
6.1 Phrasal Comparatives
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ .
The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
To ITEL-XZ einai grigoro.
to ITEL-XZ 'ine 'ɣriɣoro.
The[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ is[pres,3.Sg] fast[neut,nom].
The ITEL-XZ is fast.
Einai to PC-6082 grigoro?
'ine to PC-6082 'ɣriɣoro?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] PC-6082 fast[neut,nom]?
Is the PC-6082 fast?
To PC-6082 einai grigoro.
to PC-6082 'ine 'ɣriɣoro.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] fast[neut,nom].
The PC-6082 is fast.
Nai
ne
Yes
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ .
The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
Einai to PC-6082 grigoro?
'ine to PC-6082 'ɣriɣoro?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] PC-6082 fast[neut,nom]?
Is the PC-6082 fast?
To PC-6082 einai grigoro.
to PC-6082 'ine 'ɣriɣoro.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] fast[neut,nom].
The PC-6082 is fast.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ .
The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
To PC-6082 einai grigoro.
to PC-6082 'ine 'ɣriɣoro.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] fast[neut,nom].
The PC-6082 is fast.
Einai to ITEL-XZ grigoro?
'ine to ITEL-XZ 'ɣriɣoro?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ fast[neut,nom]?
Is the ITEL-XZ fast?
To ITEL-XZ einai grigoro.
to ITEL-XZ 'ine 'ɣriɣoro.
The[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ is[pres,3.Sg] fast[neut,nom].
The ITEL-XZ is fast.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ .
The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
To PC-6082 einai argo.
to PC-6082 'ine a'rɣo.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] slow[neut,nom].
The PC-6082 is slow.
Einai to ITEL-XZ grigoro?
'ine to ITEL-XZ 'ɣriɣoro?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ fast[neut,nom]?
Is the ITEL-XZ fast?
To ITEL-XZ einai grigoro.
to ITEL-XZ 'ine 'ɣriɣoro.
The[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ is[pres,3.Sg] fast[neut,nom].
The ITEL-XZ is fast.
Ochi
'oçi
No
To PC-6082 einai toso grigoro oso to ITEL-XZ.
to PC-6082 'ine 'toso 'ɣriɣoro 'oso to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] as fast[neut,nom] as the[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ .
The PC-6082 is as fast as the ITEL-XZ.
To ITEL-XZ einai grigoro.
to ITEL-XZ 'ine 'ɣriɣoro.
The[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ is[pres,3.Sg] fast[neut,nom].
The ITEL-XZ is fast.
Einai to PC-6082 grigoro?
'ine to PC-6082 'ɣriɣoro?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] PC-6082 fast[neut,nom]?
Is the PC-6082 fast?
To PC-6082 einai grigoro.
to PC-6082 'ine 'ɣriɣoro.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] fast[neut,nom].
The PC-6082 is fast.
Nai
ne
Yes
To PC-6082 einai toso grigoro oso to ITEL-XZ.
to PC-6082 'ine 'toso 'ɣriɣoro 'oso to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] as fast[neut,nom] as the[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ .
The PC-6082 is as fast as the ITEL-XZ.
Einai to PC-6082 grigoro?
'ine to PC-6082 'ɣriɣoro?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] PC-6082 fast[neut,nom]?
Is the PC-6082 fast?
To PC-6082 einai grigoro.
to PC-6082 'ine 'ɣriɣoro.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] fast[neut,nom].
The PC-6082 is fast.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
To PC-6082 einai toso grigoro oso to ITEL-XZ.
to PC-6082 'ine 'toso 'ɣriɣoro 'oso to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] as fast[neut,nom] as the[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ .
The PC-6082 is as fast as the ITEL-XZ.
To PC-6082 einai grigoro.
to PC-6082 'ine 'ɣriɣoro.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] fast[neut,nom].
The PC-6082 is fast.
Einai to ITEL-XZ grigoro?
'ine to ITEL-XZ 'ɣriɣoro?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ fast[neut,nom]?
Is the ITEL-XZ fast?
To ITEL-XZ einai grigoro.
to ITEL-XZ 'ine 'ɣriɣoro.
The[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ is[pres,3.Sg] fast[neut,nom].
The ITEL-XZ is fast.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
To PC-6082 einai toso grigoro oso to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] as fast[neut,nom] as the[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ .
The PC-6082 is as fast as the ITEL-XZ.
To PC-6082 einai argo.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] slow[neut,nom].
The PC-6082 is slow.
Einai to ITEL-XZ grigoro?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ fast[neut,nom]?
Is the ITEL-XZ fast?
To ITEL-XZ einai grigoro.
The[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ is[pres,3.Sg] fast[neut,nom].
The ITEL-XZ is fast.
Ochi
No
To PC-6082 einai toso grigoro oso to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] as fast[neut,nom] as the[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ .
The PC-6082 is as fast as the ITEL-XZ.
Einai to PC-6082 pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] PC-6082 more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ?
Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-XZ?
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ.
The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
Den xero
Don't know
To PC-6082 einai toso grigoro oso to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] as fast[neut,nom] as the[neut,nom] ITEL-XZ .
The PC-6082 is as fast as the ITEL-XZ.
Einai to PC-6082 pio argo apo to ITEL-XZ?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] PC-6082 more slow[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ?
Is the PC-6082 slower than the ITEL-XZ?
To PC-6082 einai pio argo apo to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more slow[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ.
The PC-6082 is slower than the ITEL-XZ.
Ochi
No
I ITEL kerdise perissoteres paraggelies apo oti i APCOM.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more[f,acc] orders[acc] than[clausal comp.] the[f,nom] APCOM.
ITEL won more orders than APCOM did.
Kerdise i ITEL merikes paraggelies?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL some[f,acc] orders[acc]?
Did ITEL win some orders?
I ITEL kerdise merikes paraggelies.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] some[f,acc] orders[acc].
ITEL won some orders.
Nai
Yes
In Greek there is a distinction between phrasal and clausal comparatives.The phrasal comparative marker is the preposition "apo" ,
while the clausal one is the complex "apo oti" , which consists of "apo" and the invariant "oti" (from-wh).
I ITEL kerdise perissoteres paraggelies apo oti i APCOM.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more[f,acc] orders[acc] than[clausal comp.] the[f,nom] APCOM.
ITEL won more orders than APCOM did.
Kerdise i APCOM merikes paraggelies?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] APCOM some[f,acc] orders[acc]?
Did APCOM win some orders?
I APCOM kerdise merikes paraggelies.
The[f,nom] APCOM won[past,3.Sg] some[f,acc] orders[acc].
APCOM won some orders.
Den xero
Don't know
I ITEL kerdise perissoteres paraggelies apo oti i APCOM.
i 'aitel 'cerðise peri'soteres paraɟe'lies a'po 'oti i 'apkom.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more[f,acc] orders[acc] than[clausal comp.] the[f,nom] APCOM.
ITEL won more orders than APCOM did.
I APCOM kerdise deka paraggelies.
i 'apkom 'cerðise 'ðeka paraɟe'lies.
The[f,nom] APCOM won[past,3.Sg] ten orders[acc].
APCOM won ten orders.
Kerdise i ITEL toulachiston enteka paraggelies?
'cerðise i 'aitel tu'laxiston 'endeka paraɟe'lies?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL at least eleven orders[acc]?
Did ITEL win at least eleven orders?
I ITEL kerdise toulachiston enteka paraggelies.
i 'aitel 'cerðise tu'laxiston 'endeka paraɟe'lies.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] at least eleven orders[acc].
ITEL won at least eleven orders.
Nai
ne
Yes
Inferences (233)-(235) are similar to (230)-(232). Note however, that if
"APCOM" can be interpreted as referring to a particular order (e.g. "the APCOM
contract"), as it can in (233), the sentence ITEL won more orders than APCOM
is ambiguous between a reading like that in (230)-(232), and one where ITEL
won more than just the APCOM order ... see (236)
I ITEL kerdise perissoteres paraggelies apo tin APCOM.
I 'aitel 'cerðise peri'soteres paraɟe'lies a'po tin 'apkom.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more[f,acc] orders[acc] than the[f,acc] APCOM.
ITEL won more orders than APCOM.
Kerdise i ITEL merikes paraggelies?
'cerðise i 'aitel meri'ces paraɟe'lies?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL some[f,acc] orders[acc]?
Did ITEL win some orders?
I ITEL kerdise merikes paraggelies.
i 'aitel 'cerðise meri'ces paraɟe'lies.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] some[f,acc] orders[acc].
ITEL won some orders.
Nai
ne
Yes
I ITEL kerdise perissoteres paraggelies apo tin APCOM.
i 'aitel 'cerðise peri'soteres paraɟe'lies a'po tin 'apkom.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more[f,acc] orders[acc] than the[f,acc] APCOM.
ITEL won more orders than APCOM.
Kerdise i APCOM merikes paraggelies?
'cerðise i 'APKOM meri'ces paraɟe'lies?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] APCOM some[f,acc] orders[acc]?
Did APCOM win some orders?
I APCOM kerdise merikes paraggelies.
i 'apkom 'cerðise meri'ces paraɟe'lies.
The[f,nom] APCOM won[past,3.Sg] some[f,acc] orders[acc].
APCOM won some orders.
Den xero
den 'ksero
Don't know
I ITEL kerdise perissoteres paraggelies apo tin APCOM.
i 'aitel 'cerðise peri'soteres paraɟe'lies a'po tin 'apkom.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more[f,acc] orders[acc] than the[f,acc] APCOM.
ITEL won more orders than APCOM.
I APCOM kerdise deka paraggelies.
i 'apkom 'cerðise 'ðeka paraɟe'lies.
The[f,nom] APCOM won[past,3.Sg] ten orders[acc].
APCOM won ten orders.
Kerdise i ITEL toulachiston enteka paraggelies?
'cerðise i 'aitel tu'laxiston 'endeka paraɟe'lies?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL at least eleven orders[acc]?
Did ITEL win at least eleven orders?
I ITEL kerdise toulachiston enteka paraggelies.
i 'aitel 'cerðise tu'laxiston 'endeka paraɟe'lies.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] at least eleven orders[acc].
ITEL won at least eleven orders.
Nai
ne
Yes
I ITEL kerdise perissoteres paraggelies apo to symvolaio tis APCOM.
i 'aitel 'cerðise peri'soteres paraɟe'lies a'po to sim'voleo tis 'apkom.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more[f,acc] orders[acc] than the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[f,gen] APCOM.
ITEL won more orders than the APCOM contract.
Kerdise i ITEL to symvolaio tis APCOM?
'cerðise i 'aitel to sim'voleo tis 'apkom?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[f,gen] APCOM?
Did ITEL win the APCOM contract?
I ITEL kerdise to symvolaio tis APCOM.
i 'aitel 'cerðise to sim'voleo tis 'apkom.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[f,gen] APCOM.
ITEL won the APCOM contract.
Nai
ne
Yes
I ITEL kerdise perissoteres paraggelies apo to symvolaio tis APCOM.
i i'tel 'cerðise peri'soteres paraŋɟe'lies a'po to si'mvoleo tis ap'kom.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more[f,acc] orders[acc] than the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[f,gen] APCOM.
ITEL won more orders than the APCOM contract.
Kerdise i ITEL pano apo mia paraggelia?
cerðise i i'tel 'pano a'po 'mia paraŋɟe'lia?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL more than one[f,acc] order[acc]?
Did ITEL win more than one order?
I ITEL kerdise pano apo mia paraggelia .
i i'tel cerðise 'pano a'po 'mia paraŋɟe'lia .
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more than one[f,acc] order[acc].
ITEL won more than one order.
Nai
ne
Yes
I ITEL kerdise diplasies paraggelies apo tin APCOM.
i i'tel cerðise ði'plasies paraŋɟe'lies a'po tin ap'kom.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] twice[f,acc] orders[acc] than the[f,acc] APCOM.
ITEL won twice as many orders than APCOM.
I APCOM kerdise deka paraggelies.
i ap'kom 'cerðise 'ðeka paraŋɟe'lies.
The[f,nom] APCOM won[past,3.Sg] ten orders[acc].
APCOM won ten orders.
Kerdise i ITEL eikosi paraggelies?
'cerðise i i'tel 'ikosi paraŋɟe'lies?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL twenty orders[acc]?
Did ITEL win twenty orders?
I ITEL kerdise eikosi paraggelies.
i i'tel 'cerðise 'ikosi paraŋɟe'lies.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] twenty orders[acc].
ITEL won twenty orders.
Nai
ne
Yes
6.2 Clausal Complement
I ITEL kerdise perissoteres paraggelies apo oti echase i APCOM.
i i'tel 'cerðise peri'soteres paraŋɟe'lies a'po 'oti 'exase i ap'kom.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more[f,acc] orders[acc] than[clausal comp.] lost[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] APCOM.
ITEL won more orders than APCOM lost.
Kerdise i ITEL merikes paraggelies?
'cerðise i i'tel meri'ces paraŋɟe'lies?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL some[f,acc] orders[acc]?
Did ITEL win some orders?
I ITEL kerdise merikes paraggelies.
i i'tel 'cerðise meri'ces paraŋɟe'lies.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] some[f,acc] orders[acc].
ITEL won some orders.
Nai
ne
Yes
I ITEL kerdise perissoteres paraggelies apo oti echase i APCOM.
i i'tel 'cerðise peri'soteres paraŋɟe'lies a'po 'oti 'exase i ap'kom.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more[f,acc] orders[acc] than[clausal comp.] lost[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] APCOM.
ITEL won more orders than APCOM lost.
Echase i APCOM merikes paraggelies?
'exase i ap'kom meri'ces paraŋɟe'lies?
Lose[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] APCOM some[f,acc] orders[acc]?
Did APCOM lose some orders?
I APCOM echase merikes paraggelies.
i ap'kom 'exase meri'ces paraŋɟe'lies.
The[f,nom] APCOM lost[past,3.Sg] some[f,acc] orders[acc].
APCOM lost some orders.
Den xero
'ðen 'ksero
Don't know
I ITEL kerdise perissoteres paraggelies apo oti echase i APCOM.
'i i'tel 'cerðise peri'soteres paraŋɟe'lies a'po 'oti 'exase i ap'kom.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] more[f,acc] orders[acc] than[clausal comp.] lost[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] APCOM.
ITEL won more orders than APCOM lost.
I APCOM echase deka paraggelies.
i ap'kom 'exase ðeka paraŋɟe'lies.
The[f,nom] APCOM lost[past,3.Sg] ten orders[acc].
APCOM lost ten orders.
Kerdise i ITEL toulachiston enteka paraggelies?
'cerðise i i'tel tu'laçiston 'endeka paraŋɟe'lies?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL at least eleven orders[acc]?
Did ITEL win at least eleven orders?
I ITEL kerdise toulachiston enteka paraggelies.
i i'tel 'cerðise tu'laçiston 'endeka paraŋɟe'lies.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] at least eleven orders[acc].
ITEL won at least eleven orders.
Nai
ne
Yes
6.3 Measure Phrases
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to 500 MIPS.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to 500 MIPS.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] 500 MIPS .
The PC-6082 is faster than 500 MIPS.
To ITEL-ZX einai pio argo apo to 500 MIPS.
to ITEL-ZX 'ine pço ar'ɣo a'po to 500 MIPS.
The[neut,nom] ITEL-ZX is[pres,3.Sg] more slow[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] 500 MIPS .
The ITEL-ZX is slower than 500 MIPS.
Einai to PC-6082 pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ?
'ine to PC-6082 pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] PC-6082 more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ?
Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-XZ?
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ.
to PC-6082 einai pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ.
The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
Nai
ne
Yes
6.4 Differential Comparatives
I ITEL poulise 3000 perissoterous ypologistes apo tin APCOM.
i i'tel 'pulise 3000 peri'soterus ipoloɣi'stes a'po tin ap'kom.
The[f,nom] ITEL sold[past,3.Sg] 3000 more[m,acc] computers[acc] than the[f,acc] APCOM.
ITEL sold 3000 more computers than APCOM.
I APCOM poulise akrivos 2500 ypologistes.
i ap'kom 'pulise akri'vos 2500 ipoloɣi'stes.
The[f,nom] APCOM sold[past,3.Sg] exactly 2500 computers[acc].
APCOM sold exactly 2500 computers.
Poulise i ITEL 5500 ypologistes?
'pulise i i'tel 5500 ipoloɣi'stes?
Sell[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL 5500 computers[acc]?
Did ITEL sell 5500 computers?
I ITEL poulise 5500 ypologistes.
i i'tel 'pulise 5500 ipoloɣi'stes.
The[f,nom] ITEL sold[past,3.Sg] 5500 computers[acc].
ITEL sold 5500 computers.
Nai
ne
Yes
6.5 Attributive Comparatives
I APCOM echei enan pio simantiko pelati apo tin ITEL.
i ap'kom 'eçi enan pço simandi'ko pe'lati a'po tin i'tel.
The[f,nom] APCOM has[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] more important[m,acc] customer[acc] than the[f,acc] ITEL.
APCOM has a more important customer than ITEL.
Echei i APCOM enan pio simantiko pelati apo oti einai i ITEL?
'eçi i ap'kom enan pço simandi'ko pe'lati a'po 'oti 'ine i i'tel?
Has[pres,3.Sg] the[f,nom] APCOM a[m,acc] more important[m,acc] customer[acc] than[claus.comp] is[pres,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL?
Does APCOM have a more important customer than ITEL is?
I APCOM echei enan pio simantiko pelati apo oti einai i ITEL.
i ap'kom 'eçi enan pço simandi'ko pe'lati a'po 'oti 'ine i i'tel.
The[f,nom] APCOM has[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] more important[m,acc] customer[acc] than[claus.comp] is[pres,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL.
APCOM has a more important customer than ITEL is.
Nai,me mia anagnosi tis proypoythesis.
ne, me mɲa a'naɣnosi tis proi'poθesis.
Yes, on one reading of the premise.
I APCOM echei enan pio simantiko pelati apo tin ITEL.
i ap'kom 'eçi enan pço simandi'ko pe'lati a'po tin i'tel.
The[f,nom] APCOM has[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] more important[m,acc] customer[acc] than the[f,acc] ITEL.
APCOM has a more important customer than ITEL.
Echei i APCOM enan pio simantiko pelati apo oti echei i ITEL?
'eçi i ap'kom enan pço simandi'ko pe'lati a'po 'oti 'eçi i i'tel?
Has[pres,3.Sg] the[f,nom] APCOM a[m,acc] more important[m,acc] customer[acc] than[claus.comp] has[pres,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL?
Does APCOM has a more important customer than ITEL has?
I APCOM echei enan pio simantiko pelati apo oti echei i ITEL.
i ap'kom 'eçi 'enan pço simandi'ko pe'lati a'po 'oti 'eçi i i'tel.
The[f,nom] APCOM has[pres,3.Sg] a[m,acc] more important[m,acc] customer[acc] than[claus.comp] has[pres,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL.
APCOM has a more important customer than ITEL has.
Nai,me mia anagnosi tis proypoythesis.
ne, me 'mia a'naɣnosi tis proi'poθesis.
Yes, on one reading of the premise.
6.6 Comparatives and Quantifiers
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo kathe ypologisti ITEL.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po kaθe ipoloɣi'sti itel.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than every computer[acc] ITEL.
The PC-6082 is faster than every ITEL computer.
O ITEL-ZX einai enas ypologistis ITEL.
o ITEL-ZX 'ine 'enas ipoloɣi'stis i'tel.
The[m,nom] ITEL-ZX is[pres,3.Sg] a[m,nom] computer[nom] ITEL.
The ITEL-ZX is an ITEL computer.
Einai to PC-6082 pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ?
'ine to PC-6082 pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] PC-6082 more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ?
Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-ZX?
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ.
The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
Nai
ne
Yes
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo kapoion ypologisti ITEL.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po 'kapçon ipoloɣi'sti i'tel.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than some[m,acc] computer[acc] ITEL.
The PC-6082 is faster than some ITEL computer.
O ITEL-ZX einai enas ypologistis ITEL.
o ITEL-ZX 'ine 'enas ipoloɣi'stis i'tel.
The[m,nom] ITEL-ZX is[pres,3.Sg] a[m,nom] computer[nom] ITEL.
The ITEL-ZX is an ITEL computer.
Einai to PC-6082 pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ?
'ine to PC-6082 pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] PC-6082 more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ?
Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-ZX?
>
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ.
The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo kathe ypologisti ITEL.
'to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po kaθe ipoloɣi'sti i'tel.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than any computer[acc] ITEL.
The PC-6082 is faster than any ITEL computer.
O ITEL-ZX einai enas ypologistis ITEL.
o ITEL-ZX 'ine 'enas ipoloɣi'stis i'tel.
The[m,nom] ITEL-ZX is[pres,3.Sg] a[m,nom] computer[nom] ITEL.
The ITEL-ZX is an ITEL computer.
Einai to PC-6082 pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ?
'ine to PC-6082 pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] PC-6082 more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ?
Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-ZX?
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ.
The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
Nai
ne
Yes
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ kai to ITEL-ZY.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ ke to ITEL-ZY.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ and the[neut,acc] ITEL-ZY.
The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-ZX and the ITEL-ZY.
Einai to PC-6082 pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ?
'ine to PC-6082 pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] PC-6082 more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ?
Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-ZX?
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ.
The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
Nai
ne
Yes
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ i to ITEL-ZY.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ i to ITEL-ZY.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ or the[neut,acc] ITEL-ZY.
The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-ZX or the ITEL-ZY.
Einai to PC-6082 pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ?
'ine to PC-6082 pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ?
Is[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] PC-6082 more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ?
Is the PC-6082 faster than the ITEL-ZX?
To PC-6082 einai pio grigoro apo to ITEL-XZ.
to PC-6082 'ine pço 'ɣriɣoro a'po to ITEL-XZ.
The[neut,nom] PC-6082 is[pres,3.Sg] more fast[neut,nom] than the[neut,acc] ITEL-XZ.
The PC-6082 is faster than the ITEL-XZ.
Nai,me mia anagnosi tis proypoythesis.
ne, me 'mia a'naɣnosi tis proi'poθesis.
Yes, on one reading of the premise.
7 TEMPORAL REFERENCE
Inference patterns involving temporal reference are complicated by the
interplay between tense, aspectual information, lexical semantics, defeasible
interpretation principles such as narrative progression, rhetorical relations,
a theory of action and causation, world knowledge, interaction between
plurality, genericity and temporal/aspectual phenomena etc. Some of the
inferences are very basic, some are more involved. The more complex examples
give ample illustration of the fact that temporal phenomena are usually
discourse phenomena.
7.1 Standard Use of Tenses
I ITEL echei ena ergostasio sto Bermingcham.
i i'tel 'eçi 'ena erɣo'stasio sto 'bermiŋxam.
The[f,nom] ITEL has[pres,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] factory[neut,acc] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham.
ITEL has a factory in Birmingham.
Echei i ITEL afti ti stigmi ena ergostasio sto Bermingcham ?
'eçi i i'tel a'fti ti sti'ɣmi 'ena erɣo'stasio sto 'bermiŋxam ?
Has[pres,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL this[f,acc] the[f,acc] moment[acc] a[neut,acc] factory[neut,acc] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham?
Does ITEL currently have a factory in Birmingham?
I ITEL echei afti ti stigmi ena ergostasio sto Bermingcham.
i i'tel 'eçi a'fti ti sti'ɣmi ena erɣo'stasio sto 'bermiŋxam.
The[f,nom] ITEL has[pres,3.Sg] this[f,acc] the[f,acc] moment[acc] a[neut,acc] factory[neut,acc] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham.
ITEL currently has a factory in Birmingham.
Nai
ne
Yes
Apo to 1992 i ITEL einai sto Bermingcham.
a'po to 1992 i i'tel 'ine sto 'bermiŋxam.
Since the[neut,nom] 1992 the[f,nom] ITEL is[pres,3.Sg] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham.
Since 1992 ITEL has been in Birmingham.
Tora einai 1996.
'tora 'ine 1996.
Now is[pres,3.sg] 1996.
It is now 1996.
Itan i ITEL sto Bermingcham to 1993? 'itan i i'tel sto 'bermiŋxam to 1993?
Was[past,3.sg] the[f,nom] ITEL in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham the[neut,nom] 1993?
Was ITEL in Birmingham in 1993?
I ITEL itan sto Bermingcham to 1993.
i i'tel 'itan sto 'bermiŋxam to 1993.
The[f,nom] ITEL was[past,3.sg] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham the[neut,nom] 1993.
Itel was in Birmingham in 1993.
Nai
ne
Yes
The use of present perfect in the english sentences was substituted by present in the greek translation
(251) and (252) are instances of the subinterval property. This works
only with stative verbs. C.f. the following example involving an
accomplishment verb in the simple past:
I ITEL echei anaptyxei ena neo programma epexergasias apo to 1992.
i i'tel 'eçi ana'ptiksi 'ena 'neo 'proɣrama epekserɣa'sias a'po to 1992.
The[f,nom] ITEL has developed[pres.perf,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] editor[neut,acc] since the[neut,nom] 1992.
ITEL has developed a new editor since 1992.
Tora einai 1996.
'tora 'ine 1996.
Now is[pres,3.sg] 1996.
It is now 1996.
Aneptyxe i ITEL ena neo programma epexergasias to 1993?
a'neptikse i i'tel 'ena 'neo proɣrama epekserɣa'sias to 1993?
Developed[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL a[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] editor[neut,acc] the[neut,nom] 1993?
Did ITEL develop a new editor in 1993?
I ITEL aneptyxe ena neo programma epexergasias to 1993.
i i'tel a'neptikse 'ena 'neo 'proɣrama epekserɣa'sias to 1993.
The[f,nom] ITEL developed[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] editor[neut,acc] the[neut,nom] 1993.
ITEL developed a new editor in 1993.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
Similarly with activity verbs and adverbial modification:
I ITEL echei epektathei apo to 1992.
i i'tel 'eçi epekta'θi a'po to 1992.
The[f,nom] ITEL has expanded[pres.perf,3.Sg] since the[neut,nom] 1992.
ITEL has expanded since 1992.
Tora einai 1996.
'tora 'ine 1996.
Now is[pres,3.sg] 1996.
It is now 1996.
Epektathike i ITEL to 1993?
'epe'ktaθike i i'tel to 1993?
Expand[past,3.Sg,passive] the[f,nom] ITEL the[neut,nom] 1993?
Did ITEL expand in 1993?
I ITEL epektathike to 1993.
i i'tel epe'ktaθike to 1993.
The[f,nom] ITEL expand[past,3.Sg,passive] the[neut,nom] 1993.
ITEL expanded in 1993.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
Also, the position of the "since" adverbial affects the range of readings
available:
Apo to 1992 i ITEL eiche mia apoleia.
a'po to 1992 i i'tel 'içe 'mia a'polia.
Since the[neut,nom] 1992 the[f,nom] ITEL had[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] loss[acc].
Since 1992 ITEL has made a loss.
Tora einai 1996.
'tora 'ine 1996.
Now is[pres,3.sg] 1996.
It is now 1996.
Eiche i ITEL mia apoleia to 1993?
'içe i i'tel 'mia a'polia to 1993?
Had[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL a[f,acc] loss[acc] the[neut,nom] 1993?
Did ITEL make a loss in 1993?
I ITEL eiche mia apoleia to 1993.
i i'tel 'içe 'mia a'polia to 1993.
The[f,nom] ITEL had[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] loss[acc] the[neut,nom] 1993.
ITEL made a loss in 1993.
Nai
ne
Yes
I ITEL eiche mia apoleia apo to 1992.
i i'tel içe 'mia a'polia a'po to 1992.
The[f,nom] ITEL had[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] loss[acc] since the[neut,nom] 1992 .
ITEL has made a loss since 1992.
Tora einai 1996.
'tora 'ine 1996.
Now is[pres,3.sg] 1996.
It is now 1996.
Eiche i ITEL mia apoleia to 1993?
'içe i i'tel 'mia a'polia to 1993?
Had[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL a[f,acc] loss[acc] the[neut,nom] 1993?
Did ITEL make a loss in 1993?
I ITEL eiche mia apoleia to 1993.
i i'tel 'içe 'mia a'polia to 1993.
The[f,nom] ITEL had[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] loss[acc] the[neut,nom] 1993.
ITEL made a loss in 1993.
Den xero,me mia anagnosi tis proypoythesis.
ðen ksero, me 'mia a'naɣnosi tis proi'poθesis.
Don't know, on one reading of the premise
I ITEL eiche mia apoleia apo to 1992.
i i'tel 'içe 'mia a'polia a'po to 1992.
The[f,nom] ITEL had[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] loss[acc] since the[neut,nom] 1992 .
ITEL has made a loss since 1992.
Tora einai 1996
'tora 'ine 1996
Now is[pres,3.sg] 1996
It is now 1996.
Eiche i ITEL mia apoleia to 1993?
'içe i i'tel 'mia a'polia to 1993?
Had[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL a[f,acc] loss[acc] the[neut,nom] 1993?
Did ITEL make a loss in 1993?
I ITEL eiche mia apoleia to 1993.
i i'tel 'içe 'mia a'polia to 1993.
The[f,nom] ITEL had[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] loss[acc] the[neut,nom] 1993.
ITEL made a loss in 1993.
Nai,me mia anagnosi tis proypoythesis.
ne, me 'mia a'naɣnosi tis proi'pοθesis.
Yes, on one reading of the premise.
Ton Martio tou 1993 i APKOM idryse tin ITEL.
ton 'martio tu 1993 i ap'kom 'iðrise tin ITEL.
The[f,acc] March[acc] the[neut,gen] 1993 the[f,nom] APCOM founded[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] ITEL.
In March 1993 APCOM founded ITEL.
Ypirche i ITEL to 1992?
i'pirçe i i'tel to 1992?
Exist[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL the[neut,nom] 1992?
Did ITEL exist in 1992?
I ITEL ypirche to 1992.
i i'tel i'pirçe to 1992.
The[f,nom] ITEL exist[past,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] 1992.
ITEL existed in 1992.
Ochi
'oçi
No
(258) involves the lexical semantics of found.
7.2 Temporal Adverbials
7.2.1 Indexicals
Non-context dependent indexicals are reasonably straightforward:
To synedrio xekinise stis 4 Iouliou 1994.
to si'neðrio kse'cinise stis 4 iu'liu 1994.
The[neut,nom] conference[nom] started[past,3.Sg] on the[contr,f,acc] 4 July[gen] 1994.
The conference started on July 4th, 1994.
Lasted 2 days.
'ði:rkise 2 'meres.
Lasted[past,3.Sg] 2 days[acc].
It lasted 2 days.
Teleiose to synedrio stis 8 Iouliou 1994?
te'liose to si'neðrio stis 8 iu'liu 1994?
Was over[past,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] conference[nom] on the[contr,f,acc] 8 July[gen] 1994?
Was the conference over on July 8th, 1994?
To synedrio teleiose stis 8 Iouliou 1994.
to si'neðrio te'liose stis 8 iu'liu 1994.
The[neut,nom] conference[nom] was over[past,3.Sg] on the[contr,f,acc] 8 July[gen] 1994.
The conference was over on July 8th, 1994.
Nai
ne
Yes
Context dependent indexicals (e.g. today, yesterday) are evaluated
with respect to some temporal reference point (e.g. now):
Chthes i APKOM ypegrapse to symvolaio.
xθes i ap'kom i'peɣrapse to si'mvoleo.
Yesterday the[f,nom] APCOM signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Yesterday APCOM signed the contract.
Simera einai Savvato, 14 Iouliou.
'simera 'ine 'savato, 14 iu'liu.
Today is[pres,3.Sg] Saturday[nom], 14 July[gen].
Today is Saturday, July 14th.
Ypegrapse i APKOM to symvolaio tin Paraskevi 13?
i'peɣrapse i ap'kom to si'mvoleo tin paraske'vi 13?
Signed[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] APCOM the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[f,acc] Friday[acc] 13?.
Did APCOM sign the contract Friday, 13th.?
I APKOM ypegrapse to symvolaio tin Paraskevi 13.
i ap'kom i'peɣrapse to si'mvoleo tin paraske'vi 13.
The[f,nom] APCOM signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[f,acc] Friday[acc] 13.
APCOM signed the contract Friday, 13th.
Nai
ne
Yes
7.2.2 "Before", "After" (Temporal Subordinate Clauses)
Ignoring counterfactual readings, 'before' and 'after' have the following
transitivity properties: if X, Y and Z are either all state or accomplishment
or achievement or activity denoting sentences we have
X < Y.
Y < Z.
X < Z.
where < \in {before; after}
O Smith efyge prin fygei o Tzoouns.
o smiθ 'efiʝe prin 'fiʝi o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg] before left[pres,3.Pl,subj] the[m,nom] Jones.
Smith left before Jones left.
O Tzoouns efyge prin fygei o Anterson.
o 'dzouns 'efiʝe prin 'fiʝi o 'aderson.
The[m,nom] Jones left[past,3.Sg] before left[pres,3.Pl,subj] the[m,nom] Anderson.
Jones left before Anderson left.
Efyge o Smith prin fygei o Anterson?
'efiʝe o smiθ prin 'fiʝi o 'aderson?
Left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith before left[pres,3.Pl,subj] the[m,nom] Anderson?
Did Smith leave before Anderson left?
O Smith efyge prin fygei o Anterson.
o smiθ 'efiʝe prin 'fiʝi o 'aderson.
The[m,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg] before left[pres,3.Pl,subj] the[m,nom] Anderson.
Smith left before Anderson left.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith efyge afoy efyge o Tzoouns.
o smiθ 'efiʝe a'fu 'efiʝe o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg] after left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones.
Smith left after Jones left.
O Tzoouns efyge afoy efyge o Anterson.
o 'dzouns 'efiʝe a'fu 'efiʝe o 'aderson.
The[m,nom] Jones left[past,3.Sg] after left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Anderson.
Jones left after Anderson left.
Efyge o Smith afoy efyge o Anterson?
'efiʝe o smiθ a'fu 'efiʝe o 'aderson?
Left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith after left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Anderson?
Did Smith leave after Anderson left?
O Smith efyge afoy efyge o Anterson.
o smiθ 'efiʝe a'fu efiʝe o 'aderson.
The[m,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg] after left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Anderson.
Smith left after Anderson left.
Nai
ne
Yes
In general transitivity does not hold when we mix aspectual classes in
the premises:
O Smith itan paron afoy efyge o Tzoouns.
o smiθ 'itan pa'ron a'fu 'efiʝe o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith was[past,3.Sg] present[m,nom] after left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones.
Smith was present after Jones left.
O Tzoouns efyge afoy paresti o Anterson.
o 'dzouns 'efiʝe a'fu pa'resti o 'aderson.
The[m,nom] Jones left[past,3.Sg] after present[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Anderson.
Jones left after Anderson was present.
Itan o Smith paron afoy paresti o Anterson?
'itan o smiθ pa'ron a'fu pa'resti o 'aderson?
Was[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith present[m,nom] after present[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Anderson?
Was Smith present after Anderson was present?
O Smith itan paron afoy paresti o Anterson.
o smiθ 'itan pa'ron a'fu pa'resti o 'aderson.
The[m,nom] Smith was[past,3.Sg] present[m,nom] after present[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Anderson.
Smith was present after Anderson was present.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
For the translation of "was present", I made a distinction in greek, between "was present=verb + adjective/ είμαι παρών" and "present= verb/ παρίσταμαι"
If X and Y are either all accomplishment or achievement denoting
sentences with simple tenses 'before' and 'after' are inverses of each other:
X before Y iff Y after X.
O Smith efyge.
o smiθ 'efiʝe.
The[m,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg].
Smith left.
O Tzoouns efyge.
o 'dzouns 'efiʝe.
The[m,nom] Jones left[past,3.Sg].
Jones left.
O Smith efyge prin fygei o Tzoouns.
o smiθ 'efiʝe prin 'fiʝi o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg] before left[pres,3.Pl,subj] the[m,nom] Jones.
Smith left before Jones left.
Efyge o Tzoouns afoy efyge o Smith?
'efiʝe o 'dzouns a'fu 'efiʝe o smiθ?
Left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones after left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith?
Did Jones leave after Smith left?
O Tzoouns efyge afoy efyge o Smith.
o 'dzouns 'efiʝe a'fu efiʝe o smiθ.
The[m,nom] Jones left[past,3.Sg] after left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith.
Jones left after Smith left.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith efyge.
o smiθ 'efiʝe.
The[m,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg].
Smith left.
O Tzoouns efyge.
o 'dzouns 'efiʝe.
The[m,nom] Jones left[past,3.Sg].
Jones left.
O Smith efyge afoy efyge o Tzoouns.
o smiθ 'efiʝe a'fu 'efiʝe o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg] after left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones.
Smith left after Jones left.
Efyge o Tzoouns prin fygei o Smith?
'efiʝe o 'dzouns prin 'fiʝi o smiθ?
Left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones before left[pres,3.Pl,subj] the[m,nom] Smith?
Did Jones leave before Smith left?
O Tzoouns efyge prin fygei o Smith.
o 'dzouns 'efiʝe prin 'fiʝi o smiθ.
The[m,nom] Jones left[past,3.Sg] before left[pres,3.Pl,subj] the[m,nom] Smith.
Jones left before Smith left.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith efyge.
o smiθ 'efiʝe.
The[m,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg].
Smith left.
O Tzoouns efyge.
o 'dzouns 'efiʝe.
The[m,nom] Jones left[past,3.Sg].
Jones left.
O Tzoouns efyge prin fygei o Smith.
o 'dzouns 'efiʝe prin 'fiʝi o smiθ.
The[m,nom] Jones left[past,3.Sg] before left[pres,3.Pl,subj] the[m,nom] Smith.
Jones left before Smith left.
Efyge o Smith afoy efyge o Tzoouns?
'efiʝe o smiθ a'fu 'efiʝe o 'dzouns?
Left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith after left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones?
Did Smith leave after Jones left?
O Smith efyge afoy efyge o Tzoouns.
o smiθ 'efiʝe a'fu 'efiʝe o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg] after left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones.
Smith left after Jones left.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Tzoouns anatheorise to symvolaio.
o 'dzouns anaθe'orise to si'mvoleo.
The[m,nom] Jones revised[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Jones revised the contract.
O Smith anatheorise to symvolaio.
o smiθ anaθe'orise to si'mvoleo.
The[m,nom] Smith revised[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Smith revised the contract.
O Tzoouns anatheorise to symvolaio prin to anatheorisei o Smith.
o 'dzouns anaθe'orise to si'mvoleo prin to anaθeo'risi o smiθ.
The[m,nom] Jones revised[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] before it[neut,acc,clitic] revised[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[m,nom] Smith.
Jones revised the contract before Smith did.
Anatheorise o Smith to symvolaio afou to anatheorise o Tzoouns?
anaθe'orise o smiθ to si'mvoleo a'fu to anaθeorise o 'dzouns?
Revised[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[neut,acc] contract[acc] after it[neut,acc,clitic] revised[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones?
Did Smith revise the contract after Jones did?
O Smith anatheorise to symvolaio afou to anatheorise o Tzoouns.
o smiθ anaθe'orise to si'mvoleo a'fu to anaθe'orise o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith revised[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] after it[neut,acc,clitic] revised[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones.
Smith revised the contract after Jones did.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Tzoouns anatheorise to symvolaio.
o 'dzouns anaθe'orise to si'mvoleo.
The[m,nom] Jones revised[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Jones revised the contract.
O Smith anatheorise to symvolaio.
o smiθ anaθe'orise to si'mvoleo.
The[m,nom] Smith revised[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Smith revised the contract.
O Tzoouns anatheorise to symvolaio afou to anatheorise o Smith.
o 'dzouns anaθe'orise to si'mvoleo a'fu to anaθe'orise o smiθ.
The[m,nom] Jones revised[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] after it[neut,acc,clitic] revised[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith.
Jones revised the contract after Smith did.
Anatheorise o Smith to symvolaio prin to anatheorisei o Tzoouns?
anaθe'orise o smiθ to si'mvoleo prin to anaθeo'risi o 'dzouns?
Revised[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[neut,acc] contract[acc] before it[neut,acc,clitic] revised[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[m,nom] Jones?
Did Smith revise the contract before Jones did?
O Smith anatheorise to symvolaio prin to anatheorisei o Tzoouns.
o smiθ anaθe'orise to si'mvoleo prin to anaθeo'risi o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith revised[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] before it[neut,acc,clitic] revised[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[m,nom] Jones.
Smith revised the contract before Jones did.
Nai
ne
Yes
In general this is not so with activity verbs:
O Smith kolympise.
o smiθ ko'libise.
The[m,nom] Smith swam[past,3.Sg].
Smith swam.
O Tzoouns kolympise.
o 'dzouns ko'libise.
The[m,nom] Jones swam[past,3.Sg].
Jones swam.
O Smith kolympise prin kolympisei o Tzoouns.
o smiθ ko'libise prin koli'bisi o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith swam[past,3.Sg] before swim[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[m,nom] Jones.
Smith swam before Jones swam.
Kolympise o Tzoouns afou kolympise o Smith?
ko'libise o 'dzouns a'fu ko'libise o smiθ?
Swam[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones after swam[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith?
Did Jones swim after Smith swam?
O Tzoouns kolympise afou kolympise o Smith.
o 'dzouns ko'libise a'fu ko'libise o smiθ.
The[m,nom] Jones swam[past,3.Sg] after swam[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith.
Jones swam after Smith swam.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
However we do get
O Smith kolympise stin akti.
o smiθ ko'libise stin a'kti.
The[m,nom] Smith swam[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] shore[acc].
Smith swam to the shore.
O Tzoouns kolympise stin akti.
ο 'dzouns ko'libise stin a'kti.
The[m,nom] Jones swam[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] shore[acc].
Jones swam to the shore.
O Smith kolympise stin akti prin kolympisei o Tzoouns stin akti.
O Smith kolympise stin akti prin koli'bisi o 'dzouns stin a'kti.
The[m,nom] Smith swam[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] shore[acc] before swim[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[m,nom] Jones to the[contr,f,sg,acc] shore[acc] .
Smith swam to the shore before Jones swam to the shore.
Kolympise o Tzoouns stin akti afou kolympise o Smith stin akti?
ko'libise o 'dzouns stin a'kti a'fu ko'libise o smiθ stin a'kti?
Swam[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones to the[contr,f,sg,acc] shore[acc] after swam[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith to the[contr,f,sg,acc] shore[acc]?
Did Jones swim to the shore after Smith swam to the shore?
O Tzoouns kolympise stin akti afou kolympise o Smith stin akti.
o 'dzouns ko'libise stin a'kti a'fu ko'libise o smiθ stin a'kti.
The[m,nom] Jones swam[past,3.Sg] to the[contr,f,sg,acc] shore[acc] after swam[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith to the[contr,f,sg,acc] shore[acc] .
Jones swam to the shore after Smith swam to the shore.
Nai
ne
Yes
Here the PP "to the shore" provides an end point or conclusion for the activity.
"Before" and "after" are not inverses for state-denoting sentences:
O Smith itan paron.
o smiθ 'itan pa'ron.
The[m,nom] Smith was[past,3.Sg] present[m,nom] .
Smith was present.
O Tzoouns itan paron.
o 'dzouns 'itan pa'ron.
The[m,nom] Jones was[past,3.Sg] present[m,nom] .
Jones was present.
O Smith itan paron afoy paresti o Tzoouns.
O Smith itan paron afoy paresti o Tzoouns.
The[m,nom] Smith was[past,3.Sg] present[m,nom] after present[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones.
Smith was present after Jones was present.
Itan o Tzoouns paron prin parastei o Smith?
'itan o 'dzouns pa'ron prin para'sti o smiθ?
Was[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones present[m,nom] before present[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[m,nom] Smith?
Was Jones present before Smith was present?
O Tzoouns itan paron prin parastei o Smith.
ο 'dzouns 'itan pa'ron prin para'sti o smiθ.
The[m,nom] Jones was[past,3.Sg] present[m,nom] before present[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[m,nom] Smith.
Jones was present before Smith was present.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
O Smith itan paron.
o smiθ 'itan pa'ron.
The[m,nom] Smith was[past,3.Sg] present[m,nom] .
Smith was present.
O Tzoouns itan paron.
o 'dzouns 'itan pa'ron.
The[m,nom] Jones was[past,3.Sg] present[m,nom] .
Jones was present.
O Smith itan paron prin parastei o Tzoouns.
o smiθ 'itan pa'ron prin para'sti o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith was[past,3.Sg] present[m,nom] before present[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[m,nom] Jones.
Smith was present before Jones was present.
Itan o Tzoouns paron afou paresti o Smith?
'itan o 'dzouns pa'ron a'fu pa'resti o smiθ?
Was[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones present[m,nom] after present[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith?
Was Jones present after Smith was present?
O Tzoouns itan paron afou paresti o Smith.
o 'dzouns 'itan pa'ron a'fu pa'resti o smiθ.
The[m,nom] Jones was[past,3.Sg] present[m,nom] after present[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] the[m,nom] Smith.
Jones was present after Smith was present.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
O Smith egrafe mia anafora.
o smiθ 'eɣrafe 'mia anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] Smith write[past.cont,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] .
Smith was writing a report.
O Tzoouns egrafe mia anafora.
o 'dzouns 'eɣrafe mia anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] Jones write[past.cont,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] .
Jones was writing a report.
O Smith egrafe mia anafora prin grapsei mia anafora o Tzoouns.
o smiθ 'eɣrafe mia anafo'ra prin 'ɣrapsi mia anafo'ra o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith write[past.cont,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] before wrote[pres,3.Sg,subj] a[f,acc] report[acc] the[m,nom] Jones.
Smith was writing a report before Jones was writing a report.
Egrafe o Tzoouns mia anafora afou egrafe mia anafora o Smith?
'eɣrafe o 'dzouns mia anafo'ra a'fu 'eɣrafe mia anafo'ra o smiθ?
Write[past.cont,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones a[f,acc] report[acc] after write[past.cont,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] the[m,nom] Smith?
Was Jones writing a report after Smith was writing a report.?
O Tzoouns egrafe mia anaforaafou egrafe mia anafora o Smith.
o 'dzouns 'eɣrafe mia anafo'ra a'fu 'eɣrafe mia anafo'ra o smiθ.
The[m,nom] Jones write[past.cont,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] after write[past.cont,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] the[m,nom] Smith.
Jones was writing a report after Smith was writing a report.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
O Smith egrafe mia anafora.
o smiθ 'eɣrafe mia anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] Smith write[past.cont,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] .
Smith was writing a report.
O Tzoouns egrafe mia anafora.
O 'dzouns 'eɣrafe mia anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] Jones write[past.cont,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] .
Jones was writing a report.
O Smith egrafe mia anaforaafou egrafe mia anafora o Tzoouns.
o smiθ 'eɣrafe mia anafo'ra a'fu 'eɣrafe mia anafo'ra o 'dzouns.
The[m,nom] Smith write[past.cont,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] after write[past.cont,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] the[m,nom] Jones.
Smith was writing a report after Jones was writing a report.
Egrafe o Tzoouns mia anafora prin grapsei mia anafora o Smith?
'eɣrafe o 'dzouns mia anafo'ra prin ɣra'psi mia anafo'ra o smiθ?
Write[past.cont,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones a[f,acc] report[acc] before wrote[pres,3.Sg,subj] a[f,acc] report[acc] the[m,nom] Smith?
Was Jones writing a report before Smith was writing a report?
O Tzoouns egrafe mia anafora prin grapsei mia anafora o Smith?
o 'dzouns 'eɣrafe mia anafo'ra prin ɣra'psi mia anafo'ra o smiθ?
The[m,nom] Jones write[past.cont,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] before wrote[pres,3.Sg,subj] a[f,acc] report[acc] the[m,nom] Smith?
Jones was writing a report before Smith was writing a report.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
Also "before", but not "after", can have a counterfactual
meaning. Whether this is a distinct sense of "before" is open to debate:
O Smith efyge apo ti synedriasi prin chasei ti psychraimia tou.
ο smiθ 'efiʝe a'po ti sine'ðriasi prin 'xasi ti psixre'mia tu.
The[m,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg] from the[f,acc] meeting[acc] before lost[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[f,acc] temper[acc] his[m,gen].
Smith left the meeting before he lost his temper.
Echase o Smith ti psychraimia tou?
'exase o smiθ ti psixre'mia tu?
Lost[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[f,acc] temper[acc] his[m,gen]?.
Did Smith lose his temper?
O Smith echase ti psychraimia tou.
o smiθ 'exase ti psixre'mia tu.
The[m,nom] Smith lost[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] temper[acc] his[m,gen].
Smith lost his temper.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
With "when" things are even more complicated. The problem is that it
is often very difficult to tease apart the temporal from the causal
dimension of "when", c.f.
Otan anoixan to M25, i kinisi afksithike.
'otan 'aniksan to M25, i 'kinisi a'fksiθike.
When opened[past,3.Pl] the[neut,acc] M25, the[f,nom] traffic[acc] increased[past,3.Sg,passive].
When they opened the M25, traffic increased.
7.2.3 "In", "For" and "On" Temporal Adverbials
"In" and "for" adverbials can be used as tests for the aspectual class of
verb phrases (or sentences).
O Smith ezise sto Bermingcham to 1991.
ο smiθ 'ezise sto bermiŋxam to 1991.
The[m,nom] Smith lived[past,3.Sg] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham the[neut,nom] 1991.
Smith lived in Birmingham in 1991.
Ezise o Smith sto Bermingcham to 1992?
'ezise o smiθ sto bermiŋxam to 1992?
Lived[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham the[neut,nom] 1992?
Did Smith live in Birmingham in 1992?
O Smith ezise sto Bermingcham to 1992.
ο smiθ 'ezise sto bermiŋxam to 1992.
The[m,nom] Smith lived[past,3.Sg] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham the[neut,nom] 1992.
Smith lived in Birmingham in 1992.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
Stative
O Smith egrapse to proto tou mythistorima to 1991.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse to 'proto tu miθi'storima to 1991.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] first[neut,acc] his[m,gen] novel[acc] the[neut,nom] 1991.
Smith wrote his first novel in 1991.
Egrapse o Smith to proto tou mythistorima to 1991?
'eɣrapse o smiθ to 'proto tu miθi'storima to 1991?
Wrote[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[neut,acc] first[neut,acc] his[m,gen] novel[acc] the[neut,nom] 1992?
Did Smith write his first novel in 1992?
O Smith egrapse to proto tou mythistorima to 1992.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse to 'proto tu miθi'storima to 1992.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] first[neut,acc] his[m,gen] novel[acc] the[neut,nom] 1992.
Smith wrote his first novel in 1992.
Ochi
'οçi
No
(Unrepeatable) accomplishment
O Smith egrapse ena mythistorima to 1991.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse 'ena miθi'storima to 1991.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] novel[acc] the[neut,nom] 1991.
Smith wrote a novel in 1991.
To egrapse o Smith to 1992?
to 'eɣrapse o smiθ to 1992?
It[neut,acc,clitic] wrote[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[neut,nom] 1992?
Did Smith write it in 1992?
O Smith to egrapse to 1992.
o smiθ to 'eɣrapse to 1992.
The[m,nom] Smith it[neut,acc,clitic] wrote[past,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] 1992.
Smith wrote it in 1992.
Ochi
'oçi
No
(Unrepeatable) accomplishment
O Smith egrapse ena mythistorima to 1991.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse 'ena miθi'storima to 1991.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] novel[acc] the[neut,nom] 1991.
Smith wrote a novel in 1991.
Egrapse o Smith ena mythistorima to 1992?
'eɣrapse o smiθ 'ena miθi'storima to 1992?
Wrote[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith a[neut,acc] novel[acc] the[neut,nom] 1992?
Did Smith write a novel in 1992?
O Smith egrapse ena mythistorima to 1992.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse ena miθi'storima to 1992.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] novel[acc] the[neut,nom] 1992.
Smith wrote a novel in 1992.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
(Repeatable) accomplishment
O Smith leitourgouse mia epicheirisi to 1991.
o smiθ litu'rɣuse 'mia epi'çirisi to 1991.
The[m,nom] Smith run[past.cont,3.Sg] a[f,acc] business[acc] the[neut,nom] 1991.
Smith was running a business in 1991.
Ti leitourgouse o Smith to 1992?
ti litu'rɣuse o smiθ to 1992?
It[f,acc,clitic] run[past.cont,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[neut,nom] 1992?
Was Smith running it in 1992?
O Smith ti leitourgouse to 1992.
o smiθ ti litu'rɣuse to 1992.
The[m,nom] Smith it[f,acc,clitic] run[past.cont,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] 1992.
Smith was running it in 1992.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
Activity
O Smith anakalypse ena neo eidos to 1991.
o smiθ ana'kalipse 'ena 'neo 'iðos to 1991.
The[m,nom] Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] species[acc] the[neut,nom] 1991.
Smith discovered a new species in 1991.
To anakalypse o Smith to 1992?
to ana'kalipse o smiθ to 1992?
It[neut,acc,clitic] discover[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[neut,nom] 1992?
Did Smith discover it in 1992?
O Smith to anakalypse to 1992.
o smiθ to ana'kalipse to 1992.
The[m,nom] Smith it[neut,acc,clitic] discover[past,3.Sg] the[neut,nom] 1992.
Smith discovered it in 1992.
Ochi
'oçi
No
(Unrepeatable) achievement
O Smith anakalypse ena neo eidos to 1991.
o smiθ ana'kalipse 'ena 'neo 'iðos to 1991.
The[m,nom] Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] species[acc] the[neut,nom] 1991.
Smith discovered a new species in 1991.
Anakalypse o Smith ena neo eidos to 1992?
ana'kalipse o smiθ 'ena 'neo 'iðos to 1992?
Discovered[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith a[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] species[acc] the[neut,nom] 1992?
Did Smith discover a new species in 1992?
O Smith anakalypse ena neo eidos to 1992.
o smiθ ana'kalipse 'ena 'neo 'iðos to 1992.
The[m,nom] Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] species[acc] the[neut,nom] 1992.
Smith discovered a new species in 1992.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
(Repeatable) achievement
O Smith egrapse mia anafora se dyo ores.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse 'mia anafo'ra se 'ðio 'ores.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] in two hours[acc].
Smith wrote a report in two hours.
O Smith archise na grafei tin anafora stis 8 pm.
o smiθ 'arçise na 'ɣrafi tin anafo'ra stis 8 pm.
The[m,nom] Smith started[past,3.Sg] to write[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[f,acc] report[acc] at the[f,pl,acc,contr] 8 am.
Smith started writing the report at 8 am.
Eiche teleiosei o Smith na grafei tin anafora mechri tis 11 pm?
'içe teli'osi o smiθ na 'ɣrafi tin anafo'ra 'mexri tis 11 pm?
Finished[past.perf,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith to write[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[f,acc] report[acc] by the[f,pl,acc] 11 am?
Had Smith finished writing the report by 11 am?
O Smith eiche teleiosei na grafei tin anafora mechri tis 11 pm.
o smiθ 'içe teli'osi na 'ɣrafi tin anafo'ra mexri tis 11 pm.
The[m,nom] Smith finished[past.perf,3.Sg] to write[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[f,acc] report[acc] by the[f,pl,acc] 11 am.
Smith had finished writing the report by 11 am.
Nai
ne
Yes
Accomplishment
O Smith egrapse mia anafora se dyo ores.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse 'mia anafo'ra se 'ðio 'ores.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] in two hours[acc].
Smith wrote a report in two hours.
Perase o Smith dyo ores grafontas tin anafora?
'perase o smiθ 'ðio 'ores 'ɣrafodas tin anafo'ra?
Spend[past.3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith two hours[acc] writing[partic.] the[f,acc] report[acc]?
Did Smith spend two hours writing the report?
O Smith perase dyo ores grafontas tin anafora.
o smiθ 'perase 'ðio 'ores 'ɣrafodas tin anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] Smith spend[past.3.Sg] two hours[acc] writing[partic.] the[f,acc] report[acc].
Smith spent two hours writing the report.
Den xero
ðen ksero
Don't know
Smith may have written the report in less than two hours. It is unclear
whether there are two different readings for the premise: one where Smith
takes exactly two hours, and one where he does it within two hours.
O Smith egrapse mia anafora se dyo ores.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse 'mia anafo'ra se 'ðio 'ores.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] in two hours[acc].
Smith wrote a report in two hours.
Perase o Smith pano apo dyo ores grafontas tin anafora?
'perase o smiθ 'pano a'po 'ðio 'ores 'ɣrafodas tin anafo'ra?
Spend[past.3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith more than two hours[acc] writing[partic.] the[f,acc] report[acc]?
Did Smith spend more than two hours writing the report?
O Smith perase pano apo dyo ores grafontas tin anafora.
o smiθ 'perase 'pano a'po 'ðio 'ores 'ɣrafodas tin anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] Smith spend[past.3.Sg] more than two hours[acc] writing[partic.] the[f,acc] report[acc].
Smith spent more than two hours writing the report.
Ochi
'oçi
No
O Smith egrapse mia anafora se dyo ores.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse mia anafo'ra se 'ðio 'ores.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] in two hours[acc].
Smith wrote a report in two hours.
Egrapse o Smith mia anafora se mia ora?
'eɣrapse o smiθ 'mia anafo'ra se 'mia 'ora?
Wrote[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith a[f,acc] report[acc] in one hour[acc]?
Did Smith write a report in one hour?
O Smith egrapse mia anafora se mia ora.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse 'mia anafo'ra se 'mia 'ora.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] in one hour[acc].
Smith wrote a report in one hour.
Den xero
ðen 'ksero
Don't know
O Smith egrapse mia anafora se dyo ores.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse mia anafo'ra se 'ðio 'ores.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] in two hours[acc].
Smith wrote a report in two hours.
Egrapse o Smith mia anafora?
'eɣrapse o smiθ 'mia anafo'ra?
Wrote[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith a[f,acc] report[acc]?
Did Smith write a report?
O Smith egrapse mia anafora.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse 'mia anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc].
Smith wrote a report.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith anakalypse ena neo eidos se dyo ores.
o smiθ ana'kalipse 'ena 'neo 'iðos se 'ðio 'ores.
The[m,nom] Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] species[acc] in two hours[acc].
Smith discovered a new species in two hours.
Perase o Smith dyo ores anakalyptontas to neo eidos?
'perase o smiθ 'ðio 'ores anaka'liptodas to 'neo 'iðos?
Spend[past.3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith two hours[acc] discovering[partic.] the[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] species[acc]?
Did Smith spend two hours discovering the new species?
O Smith perase dyo ores anakalyptontas to neo eidos.
o smiθ 'perase 'ðio 'ores anaka'liptodas to 'neo 'iðos.
The[m,nom] Smith spend[past.3.Sg] two hours[acc] discovering[partic.] the[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] species[acc].
Smith spent two hours discovering the new species.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Achievements are typically (more or less) instantaneous
O Smith anakalypse ena neo eidos se dyo ores.
o 'smiθ ana'kalipse 'ena 'neo 'iðos se 'ðio 'ores.
The[m,nom] Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] species[acc] in two hours[acc].
Smith discovered a new species in two hours.
Anakalypse o Smith ena neo eidos?
ana'kalipse o 'smiθ 'ena 'neo 'iðos?
Discovered[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith a[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] species[acc]?
Did Smith discover a new species?
O Smith anakalypse ena neo eidos.
o 'smiθ ana'kalipse 'ena 'neo 'iðos.
The[m,nom] Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] species[acc].
Smith discovered a new species.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith anakalypse polla nea eidi se dyo ores.
o 'smiθ ana'kalipse po'la 'nea 'iði se 'ðio 'ores.
The[m,nom] Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] many[neut,acc] new[neut,pl,acc] species[acc] in two hours[acc].
Smith discovered many new species in two hours.
Perase o Smith dyo ores anakalyptontas nea eidi?
'perase o 'smiθ 'ðio 'ores anaka'liptodas 'nea 'iði?
Spend[past.3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith two hours[acc] discovering[partic.] new[neut,pl,acc] species[acc]?
Did Smith spend two hours discovering new species?
O Smith perase dyo ores anakalyptontas nea eidi.
o 'smiθ 'perase 'ðio 'ores anaka'liptodas 'nea 'iði.
The[m,nom] Smith spend[past.3.Sg] two hours[acc] discovering[partic.] new[neut,pl,acc] species[acc].
Smith spent two hours discovering new species.
?Nai
ne
?Yes
Repeated achievement can last two hours.
O Smith leitourgouse ti diki tou epicheirisi se dyo chronia.
o 'smiθ litur'ɣuse ti ði'ki tu epi'xirisi se 'ðio 'xroɲia.
The[m,nom] Smith run[past.cont,3.Sg] the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc] in two years[acc].
Smith was running his own business in two years.
Perase o Smith dyo chronia leitourgontas ti diki tou epicheirisi?
'perase o 'smiθ 'ðio 'xroɲia litur'ɣodas ti ði'ki tu epi'xirisi.
Spend[past.3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith two years[acc] running[partic.] the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc]?
Did Smith spend two years running his own business?
O Smith perase dyo chronia leitourgontas ti diki tou epicheirisi.
o 'smiθ 'perase 'ðio 'xroɲia litur'ɣodas ti ði'ki tu epi'xirisi.
The[m,nom] Smith spend[past.3.Sg] two years[acc] running[partic.] the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc].
Smith spent two years running his own business.
Den xero
den 'ksero.
Don't know
Premise refers to time taken to inception of activity, not duration of activity.
O Smith leitourgouse ti diki tou epicheirisi se dyo chronia.
o 'smiθ litur'ɣuse ti ði'ki tu epi'xirisi se 'ðio 'xroɲia.
The[m,nom] Smith run[past.cont,3.Sg] the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc] in two years[acc].
Smith was running his own business in two years.
Perase o Smith pano apo dyo chronia leitourgontas ti diki tou epicheirisi?
'perase o 'smiθ 'pano a'po 'ðio 'xroɲia litur'ɣodas ti ði'ki tu epi'xirisi?
Spend[past.3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith more than two years[acc] running[partic.] the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc]?
Did Smith spend more than two years running his own business?
O Smith perase pano apo dyo chronia leitourgontas ti diki tou epicheirisi.
o 'smiθ 'perase 'pano a'po 'ðio 'xroɲia litur'ɣodas ti ði'ki tu epi'xirisi.
The[m,nom] Smith spend[past.3.Sg] more than two years[acc] running[partic.] the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc].
Smith spent more than two years running his own business.
Den xero
den 'ksero.
Don't know
Cf. similar inference for accomplishment, (286)
O Smith leitourgouse ti diki tou epicheirisi se dyo chronia.
o 'smiθ litur'ɣuse ti ði'ki tu epi'xirisi se 'ðio 'xroɲia.
The[m,nom] Smith run[past.cont,3.Sg] the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc] in two years[acc].
Smith was running his own business in two years.
Leitourgise o Smith ti diki tou epicheirisi?
litur'ɣise o 'smiθ ti ði'ki tu epi'xirisi?
Run[past.3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc]?
Did Smith run his own business?
O Smith leitourgise ti diki tou epicheirisi.
o 'smiθ litur'ɣise ti ði'ki tu epi'xirisi.
The[m,nom] Smith run[past.3.Sg] the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc].
Smith ran his own business.
Nai
ne
Yes
Se dyo chronia o Smith eiche mia alysida epicheiriseon.
se 'ðio 'xroɲa o smiθ 'içe mŋa ali'siða epiçi'riseon.
In two years[acc] the[m,nom] Smith owned[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] chain[acc] businesses[gen].
In two years Smith owned a chain of businesses.
Eiche o Smith mia alysida epicheiriseon gia dyo chronia?
'içe o smiθ mŋa ali'siða epiçi'riseon ʝa 'ðio 'xroɲa?
Own[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith a[f,acc] chain[acc] businesses[gen] for two years[acc]?
Did Smith own a chain of business for two years?
O Smith eiche mia alysida epicheiriseon gia dyo chronia.
o smiθ 'içe mŋa ali'siða epiçi'riseon ʝa 'ðio 'xroɲa.
The[m,nom] Smith owned[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] chain[acc] businesses[gen] for two years[acc].
Smith owned a chain of business for two years.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
States behave like activities.
Se dyo chronia o Smith eiche mia alysida epicheiriseon.
se 'ðio 'xroɲa o smiθ 'içe mŋa ali'siða epiçi'riseon.
In two years[acc] the[m,nom] Smith owned[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] chain[acc] businesses[gen].
In two years Smith owned a chain of businesses.
Eiche o Smith mia alysida epicheiriseon gia pano apo dyo chronia?
'içe o smiθ mŋa ali'siða epiçi'riseon ʝa 'pano a'po 'ðio 'xroɲa?
Own[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith a[f,acc] chain[acc] businesses[gen] for more than two years[acc]?
Did Smith own a chain of business for more than two years?
O Smith eiche mia alysida epicheiriseon gia pano apo dyo chronia.
o smiθ 'içe mŋa ali'siða epiçi'riseon ʝa 'pano a'po 'ðio 'xroɲa.
The[m,nom] Smith owned[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] chain[acc] businesses[gen] for more than two years[acc].
Smith owned a chain of business for more than two years.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Se dyo chronia o Smith eiche mia alysida epicheiriseon.
se 'ðio 'xroɲa o smiθ 'içe mŋa ali'siða epiçi'riseon.
In two years[acc] the[m,nom] Smith owned[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] chain[acc] businesses[gen].
In two years Smith owned a chain of businesses.
Eiche o Smith mia alysida epicheiriseon?
'içe o smiθ mŋa ali'siða epiçi'riseon?
Own[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith a[f,acc] chain[acc] businesses[gen]?
Did Smith own a chain of business?
O Smith eiche mia alysida epicheiriseon.
o smiθ 'içe mŋa ali'siða epiçi'riseon.
The[m,nom] Smith owned[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] chain[acc] businesses[gen].
Smith owned a chain of business.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith ezise sto Bermingcham gia dyo chronia.
o smiθ 'ezise sto 'bermiŋgxam ʝa 'ðio 'xroɲa.
The[m,nom] Smith lived[past,3.Sg] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham for two years[acc].
Smith lived in Birmingham for two years.
Ezise o Smith sto Bermingcham gia ena chrono?
'ezise o smiθ sto 'bermiŋgxam ʝa 'ena 'xrono?
Live[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham for a[m,acc] year[acc]?
Did Smith live in Birmingham for a year?
O Smith ezise sto Bermingcham gia ena chrono.
o smiθ 'ezise sto 'bermiŋgxam ʝa 'ena 'xrono.
The[m,nom] Smith lived[past,3.Sg] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham for a[m,acc] year[acc].
Smith lived in Birmingham for a year.
Nai
ne
Yes
State
O Smith ezise sto Bermingcham gia dyo chronia.
o smiθ 'ezise sto 'bermiŋgxam ʝa 'ðio 'xroɲa.
The[m,nom] Smith lived[past,3.Sg] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham for two years[acc].
Smith lived in Birmingham for two years.
Ezise o Smith sto Bermingcham gia akrivos ena chrono?
'ezise o smiθ sto 'bermiŋgxam ʝa akri'vos 'ena 'xrono?
Live[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham for exactly a[m,acc] year[acc]?
Did Smith live in Birmingham for exactly a year?
O Smith ezise sto Bermingcham gia akrivos ena chrono.
o smiθ 'ezise sto 'bermiŋgxam ʝa akri'vos 'ena 'xrono.
The[m,nom] Smith lived[past,3.Sg] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham for exactly a[m,acc] year[acc].
Smith lived in Birmingham for exactly a year.
Ochi
'oçi
No
O Smith ezise sto Bermingcham gia dyo chronia.
o smiθ 'ezise sto 'bermiŋgxam ʝa 'ðio 'xroɲa.
The[m,nom] Smith lived[past,3.Sg] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham for two years[acc].
Smith lived in Birmingham for two years.
Ezise o Smith sto Bermingcham?
'ezise o smiθ sto 'bermiŋgxam?
Live[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham?
Did Smith live in Birmingham
O Smith ezise sto Bermingcham.
o smiθ 'ezise sto 'bermiŋgxam.
The[m,nom] Smith lived[past,3.Sg] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Birmingham.
Smith lived in Birmingham.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith leitourgise ti diki tou epicheirisi gia dyo chronia.
o smiθ li'turʝise ti ði'ci tu epi'çirisi ʝa 'ðio 'xroɲa.
The[m,nom] Smith run[past.3.Sg] the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc] for two years[acc].
Smith ran his own business for two years.
Leitourgise o Smith ti diki tou epicheirisi gia ena chrono?
li'turʝise o smiθ ti ði'ci tu epi'çirisi ʝa 'ena 'xrono?
Run[past.3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc] for a[m,acc] year[acc]?
Did Smith run his own business for a year?
O Smith leitourgise ti diki tou epicheirisi gia ena chrono.
o smiθ li'turʝise ti ði'ci tu epi'çirisi ʝa 'ena 'xrono.
The[m,nom] Smith run[past.3.Sg] the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc] for a[m,acc] year[acc].
Smith ran his own business for a year.
Nai
ne
Yes
Activity
O Smith leitourgise ti diki tou epicheirisi gia dyo chronia.
o smiθ li'turʝise ti ði'ci tu epi'çirisi ʝa 'ðio 'xroɲa.
The[m,nom] Smith run[past.3.Sg] the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc] for two years[acc].
Smith ran his own business for two years.
Leitourgise o Smith ti diki tou epicheirisi?
li'turʝise o smiθ ti ði'ci tu epi'çirisi?
Run[past.3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc]?
Did Smith run his own business?
O Smith leitourgise ti diki tou epicheirisi.
o smiθ li'turʝise ti ði'ci tu epi'çirisi.
The[m,nom] Smith run[past.3.Sg] the[f,acc] own[f,acc] his[m,gen] business[acc].
Smith ran his own business.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith egrapse mia anafora gia dyo ores.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse mŋa anafo'ra ʝa 'ðio 'ores.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] for two hours[acc].
Smith wrote a report for two hours.
Egrapse o Smith mia anafora gia mia ora?
'eɣrapse o smiθ mŋa anafo'ra ʝa 'mia 'ora?
Wrote[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith a[f,acc] report[acc] for an[f,acc] hour[acc]?
Did Smith write a report for an hour?
O Smith egrapse mia anafora gia mia ora.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse mŋa anafo'ra ʝa 'mia 'ora.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] for an[f,acc] hour[acc].
Smith wrote a report for an hour.
Nai
ne
Yes
Accomplishment
O Smith egrapse mia anafora gia dyo ores.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse mŋa anafo'ra ʝa 'ðio 'ores.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] for two hours[acc].
Smith wrote a report fro two hours.
Egrapse o Smith mia anafora?
'eɣrapse o smiθ mŋa anafo'ra?
Wrote[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith a[f,acc] report[acc]?
Did Smith write a report?
O Smith egrapse mia anafora.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse mŋa anafo'ra.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc].
Smith wrote a report.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
He may not have finished it
O Smith anakalypse ena neo eidos gia mia ora.
o smiθ ana'kalipse 'ena 'neo 'iðos ʝa mɲa 'ora.
The[m,nom] Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] new[neut,acc] species[acc] for an hour[acc].
Smith discovered a new species for an hour.
Original is degenerate problem; no question or answer given.
O Smith anakalypse nea eidi gia dyo chronia.
o smiθ ana'kalipse 'nea 'iði ʝa 'ðio 'xroɲa.
The[m,nom] Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] new[neut,pl,acc] species[acc] for two years[acc].
Smith discovered new species for two years.
Anakalypse o Smith nea eidi?
ana'kalipse o smiθ 'nea 'iði?
Discovered[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith new[neut,pl,acc] species[acc]?
Did Smith discover new species?
O Smith anakalypse nea eidi.
o smiθ ana'kalipse 'nea 'iði.
The[m,nom] Smith discovered[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] new[neut,pl,acc] species[acc].
Smith discovered new species.
Nai
ne
Yes
Repeated achievement
7.2.4 Quantificational Adverbials
To 1994 i ITEL esteile mia ekthesi proodou kathe mina.
to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tesera i 'itel 'estile mŋa 'ekθesi pro'oðu 'kaθe 'mina.
The[neut,acc] 1994 the[f,nom] ITEL sent[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] progress[gen] every month[acc].
In 1994 ITEL sent a progress report every month.
Εsteile i ITEL mia ekthesi proodou ton Ioulio tou 1994?
'estile i 'itel mŋa 'ekθesi pro'oðu ton i'ulio tu 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tesera?
Sent[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL a[f,acc] report[acc] progress[gen] the[m,acc] July[ acc] the[neut,gen] 1994?
Did ITEL send a progress report in July 1994?
I ITEL esteile mia ekthesi proodou ton Ioulio tou 1994.
i 'itel 'estile mŋa 'ekθesi pro'oðu ton i'ulio tu 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tesera.
The[f,nom] ITEL a[f,acc] sent[past,3.Sg] a[f,acc] report[acc] progress[gen] the[m,acc] July[ acc] the[neut,gen] 1994.
ITEL sent a progress report in July 1994.
Nai
ne
Yes
Quantificational adverbials also introduce scope ambiguities with respect
to other quantified NPs
O Smith egrapse se enan ekprosopo kathe evdomada.
o smiθ 'eɣrapse se 'enan ek'prosopo 'kaθe evðo'maða.
The[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] to a[m,acc] representative[acc] every week[acc].
Smith wrote to a representative every week.
Yparchei enas ekprosopos ston opoio egrapse o Smith kathe evdomada?
i'parçi 'enas ek'prosopos ston o'pio 'eɣrapse o smiθ 'kaθe evðo'maða?
Exist[pres,3.Sg] a[m,nom] representative[nom] to the[contr,m,acc,sg] whom[m,sg,acc] the[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] every week[acc]?
Is there a representative that Smith wrote to every week?
Yparchei enas ekprosopos ston opoio egrapse o Smith kathe evdomada.
i'parçi 'enas ek'prosopos ston o'pio 'eɣrapse o smiθ 'kaθe evðo'maða.
Exist[pres,3.Sg] a[m,nom] representative[nom] to the[contr,m,acc,sg] whom[m,sg,acc] the[m,nom] Smith wrote[past,3.Sg] every week[acc].
There is a representative that Smith wrote to every week.
Nai se ena pedio, agnwsto se ena allo pedio
ne se 'ena pe'ðio, 'aɣnosto se 'ena 'alo pe'ðio
Yes on one scoping; unknown on another scoping
7.3 Anaphoric Dimension
Rhetorical relations like narrative progression are defeasible
interpretation principles. They depend on a theory of action and
causation and general world knowledge (c.f. (309) and (310)).
H Smith efyge apo to spiti stis pente kai tetarto.
i smiθ 'efiʝe a'po to 'spiti stis 'pede ce 'tetarto.
The[f,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg] from the[neut,acc] house[acc] at the[contr,f,pl,acc] five and quarter.
Smith left the house at a quarter past five.
Pire ena taxi gia to stathmo kai prolave to proro treno gia Louxemvourgo.
'pire 'ena ta'ksi ʝa to sta'θmo ce 'prolave to 'proto 'treno ʝa luksem'burɣo.
Took[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] taxi to the[m,acc] station[acc] and caught[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] first[neut,acc] train[acc] to Luxembourg.
She took a taxi to the station and caught the first train to Luxembourg.
Original is degenerate problem; no question or answer given.
H Smith echase orismena archeia.
i smiθ 'exase ori'smena ar'çia.
The[f,nom] Smith lost[past,3.Sg] some[neut,pl,acc] files[acc].
Smith lost some files.
Katastrafikan otan o skliros diskos tis parousiase sfalma.
kata'strafikan 'otan o skli'ros 'ðiskos tis paru'siase 'sfalma.
Destroyed[past,3.Pl,passive] when the[m,nom] hard[m,nom] disk[nom] her crashed[past,3.Sg].
They were destroyed when her hard disk crashed.
Original is degenerate problem; no question or answer given.
H Smith eiche fygei apo to spiti stis pente kai tetarto.
o smiθ 'içe 'fiʝi a'po to 'spiti stis 'pede ce 'tetarto.
The[f,nom] Smith had left[past.perf,3.Sg] from the[neut,acc] house[acc] at the[contr,f,pl,acc] five and quarter.
Smith had left the house at a quarter past five.
Epeita pire ena taxi gia to stathmo.
'epita 'pire 'ena ta'ksi ʝa to staθ'mo.
Then took[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] taxi to the[m,acc] station[acc].
Then she took a taxi to the station.
Efyge i Smith apo to spiti prin parei ena taxi gia to stathmo?
'efiʝe o smiθ a'po to 'spiti prin 'pari 'ena ta'ksi ʝa to staθ'mo?
Leave[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] Smith from the[neut,acc] house[acc] before took[past,3.Sg,subj] a[neut,acc] taxi to the[m,acc] station[acc]?
Did Smith leave the house before she took a taxi to the station?
I Smith efyge apo to spiti prin parei ena taxi gia to stathmo.
o smiθ 'efiʝe a'po to 'spiti prin 'pari 'ena ta'ksi ʝa to staθ'mo.
Τhe[f,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg] from the[neut,acc] house[acc] before took[past,3.Sg,subj] a[neut,acc] taxi to the[m,acc] station[acc].
Smith left the house before she took a taxi to the station.
Nai
ne
Yes
7.4 Adverbs of Quantification
H ITEL panta paradidei anafores arga.
i 'itel 'pada para'ðiði anafo'res ar'ɣa.
The[f,nom] ITEL always delivers[pres,3.Sg] reports[acc] late.
ITEL always delivers reports late.
To 1993 i ITEL paredose anafores.
to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria i 'itel pa'reðose anafo'res.
The[neut,acc] 1993 the[f,nom] ITEL delivered[past,3.Sg] reports[acc].
In 1993 ITEL delivered reports.
Paredose i ITEL anafores arga to 1993?
pa'reðose i 'itel anafo'res ar'ɣa to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria?
Delivered[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL reports[acc] late the[neut,acc] 1993?
Did ITEL delivered reports late in 1993?
I ITEL paredose anafores arga to 1993.
i 'itel pa'reðose anafo'res ar'ɣa to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria.
The[f,nom] ITEL delivered[past,3.Sg] reports[acc] late the[neut,acc] 1993.
ITEL delivered reports late in 1993.
Nai
ne
Yes
H ITEL pote den paradidei anafores arga.
i 'itel po'te ðen para'ðiði anafo'res ar'ɣa.
The[f,nom] ITEL never not delivers[pres,3.Sg] reports[acc] late.
ITEL never delivers reports late.
To 1993 i ITEL paredose anafores.
to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria i 'itel pa'reðose anafo'res.
The[neut,acc] 1993 the[f,nom] ITEL delivered[past,3.Sg] reports[acc].
In 1993 ITEL delivered reports.
Paredose i ITEL anafores arga to 1993?
pa'reðose i 'itel anafo'res ar'ɣa to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria?
Delivered[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL reports[acc] late the[neut,acc] 1993?
Did ITEL delivered reports late in 1993?
I ITEL paredose anafores arga to 1993.
i 'itel pa'reðose anafo'res ar'ɣa to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria.
The[f,nom] ITEL delivered[past,3.Sg] reports[acc] late the[neut,acc] 1993.
ITEL delivered reports late in 1993.
Ochi
'oçi
No
7.5 Some more Complex Examples
H Smith eftase sto Parisi stis 5 Maiou, 1995.
o smiθ 'eftase sto pa'risi stis 'pede ma'iu, 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'pede.
The[f,nom] Smith arrived[past.perf,3.Sg] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc] on the[contr,f,pl,acc] 5 May[gen], 1995.
Smith arrived in Paris on the 5th of May, 1995.
Simera einai 15 Maiou, 1995.
'simera 'ine ðeka'pede ma'iu, 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'pede.
Today is[pres,3.Sg] 15 May[gen], 1995.
Today is the 15th of May, 1995.
Ayti eina akoma sto Parisi.
a'fti 'ine a'koma sto pa'risi.
She is[pres,3.Sg] still in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc].
She is still in Paris.
Itan i Smith sto Parisi stis 7 Maiou,1995?
'itan o smiθ sto pa'risi stis e'fta ma'iu, 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'pede?
Was[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] Smith in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Paris[acc] on the[contr,f,pl,acc] 7 May[gen], 1995?
Was Smith in Paris on the 7th of May, 1995?
I Smith itan sto Parisi stis 7 Maiou,1995.
o smiθ 'itan sto pa'risi stis e'fta ma'iu, 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'pede.
The[f,nom] Smith was[past,3.Sg] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc]Paris[acc] on the[contr,f,pl,acc] 7 May[gen], 1995.
Smith was in Paris on the 7th of May, 1995.
Nai
ne
Yes
Otan i Smith eftase sto Katmantou taxideve gia treis meres.
'otan o smiθ 'eftase sto katma'du ta'ksideve ʝa tris 'meres.
When the[f,nom] Smith arrived[past,3.Sg] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Katmandu[acc] travel[past.cont,3.Sg] for three[f,numeral] days[acc].
When Smith arrived in Katmandu she had been travelling for three days.
Taxideve i Smith ti mera prin ftasei sto Katmantou?
ta'ksiðeve o smiθ ti mera prin 'ftasi sto katma'du?
Travel[past.cont,3.Sg] the[f,nom] Smith the[f,acc] day[acc] before arrived[pres,3.Sg,subj] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Katmandu[acc]?
Had Smith been travelling the day before she arrived in Katmandu?
I Smith taxideve ti mera prin ftasei sto Katmantou.
o smiθ ta'ksiðeve ti mera prin 'ftasi sto katma'du.
The[f,nom] Smith travel[past.cont,3.Sg] the[f,acc] day[acc] before arrived[pres,3.Sg,subj] in the[contr,neut,sg,acc] Katmandu[acc].
Smith had been travelling the day before she arrived in Katmandu.
Nai
ne
Yes
In greek there's no equivalent form of past perfect continuous, so in the translation it was substituted with the greek form of past continuous, in order to show the duration of the action.
O Tzoouns apofoitise to Martio kai ergazetai apo tote.
o 'dzouns apo'fitise to 'martio ce er'ɣazete a'po 'tote.
The[m,nom] Jones graduated[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] March[acc] and employed[pres,3.Sg] ever since.
Jones graduated in March and has been employed ever since.
O Tzoouns echei yparxei anergos sto parelthon.
o 'dzouns 'eçi i'parksi 'anerɣos sto parel'θon.
The[m,nom] Jones has been[pres.perf,3.Sg] unemployed[nom] in the[neut,sg,acc,contr] past[acc].
Jones has been unemployed in the past.
Itan anergos o Tzoouns kapoia stigmi prin apofoitisei?
'itan o 'dzouns 'anerɣos 'kapça sti'ɣmi prin apofi'tisi?
Was[past,3.Sg] unemployed[nom] the[m,nom] Jones some time before graduated[pres,3.Sg,subj].
Was Jones unemployed at some time before he graduated?
O Tzoouns itan anergos kapoia stigmi prin apofoitisei.
o 'dzouns 'itan 'anerɣos 'kapça sti'ɣmi prin apofi'tisi.
The[m,nom] Jones was[past,3.Sg] unemployed[nom] some time before graduated[pres,3.Sg,subj].
Jones was unemployed at some time before he graduated.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kathe antiprosopos echei diavasei autin tin anafora.
'kaθe adi'prosopos 'eçi ðʝa'vasi a'ftin tin anafo'ra.
Every representative[nom] has read[pres.perf,3.Sg] this[f,acc] the[f,acc] report[acc].
Every representative has read this report.
Den yparchoun dyo antiprosopoi pou tin echoun diavasei tin idia stigmi.
ðen i'parxun 'ðio adi'prosopi pu tin 'exun ðʝa'vasi tin 'iðʝa stiɣ'mi.
Not exist[pres,3.Pl] two representatives[nom] that it[f,acc] have read[pres.perf,3.Pl] the same time.
No two representatives have read it at the same time.
Se kanenan antiprosopo den pire ligotero apo misi mera na diavasei tin anafora.
se ka'nenan adi'prosopo ðen 'pire li'ɣotero a'po mi'si 'mera na ðʝa'vasi tin anafo'ra.
To no representative[acc] not took[past,3.Sg] less than half[f,acc] day[acc] to read[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[f,acc] report[acc].
No representative took less than half a day to read the report.
Yparchoun dekaexi antiprosopoi.
i'parxun ðeka'eksi adi'prosopi.
Exist[pres,3.Pl] sixteen representatives[nom].
There are sixteen representatives.
Pire pano apo mia vdomada stous antiprosopous na diavasoun tin anafora?.
'pire 'pano a'po mɲa evðo'maða stus adipro'sopus na ðʝa'vasun tin anafo'ra?
Take[past,3.Sg] more than one[f,acc] week[acc] to the[contr,m,pl,acc] representatives[acc] to read[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[f,acc] report[acc]?
Did it take the representatives more than a week to read the report?
Pire pano apo mia vdomada stous antiprosopous na diavasoun tin anafora.
'pire 'pano a'po mɲa evðo'maða stus adipro'sopus na ðʝa'vasun tin anafo'ra.
Take[past,3.Sg] more than one[f,acc] week[acc] to the[contr,m,pl,acc] representatives[acc] to read[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[f,acc] report[acc].
It took the representatives more than a week to read the report.
Nai
ne
Yes
Eno o Tzoouns enimerone to programma, i Mairi irthe kai tou eipe gia ti synedriasi tou dioikitikou symvouliou.
e'no o 'dzouns eni'merone to 'proɣrama, i 'meri 'irθe ce tu 'ipe ʝa ti sine'ðriasi tu ðiiciti'ku simvu'liu.
While the[m,nom] Jones update[past.cont,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] program[acc], the[f,nom] came[past,3.Sg] and him[acc] told[past,3.Sg] about the[f,acc] meeting[acc] the[neut,gen] board[acc].
While Jones was updating the program, Mary came in and told him about the board meeting.
Ayti teleiose prin autos teleiosei.
a'fti te'liose prin a'ftos te'ʎosi.
She finished[past,3.Sg] before he finished[pres,3.Sg,subj] .
She finished before he did.
Kratise i istoria tis Mairis, oso o Tzoouns na enimerosei to programma?
kratise i isto'ria tis 'meris, 'oso o 'dzouns na enime'rosi to 'proɣrama?
Last[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] story[nom] the[f,gen] Mairi[gen], as long the[m,nom] Jones to update[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] program[acc]?
Did Mary's story last as long as Jones's updating the program?
I istoria tis Mairis kratise, oso o Tzoouns na enimerosei to programma.
i isto'ria tis 'meris 'kratise, 'oso o 'dzouns na enime'rosi to 'proɣrama.
The[f,nom] story[nom] the[f,gen] Mairi[gen] last[past,3.Sg], as long the[m,nom] Jones to update[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] program[acc].
Mary's story lasted as long as Jones's updating the program.
Ochi
'oçi
No
Prin i APKOM agorasei to paron ktirio grafeion, eiche katavalei tokous stegastikou daneiou gia to proigoumeno gia 8 chronia.
prin i 'apkom aɣo'rasi to pa'ron 'ktirio ɣra'fion, 'içe kata'vali 'tokus steɣasti'ku ða'niu ʝa to pri'ɣumeno ʝa o'xto 'xroɲa.
Before the[f,nom] APCOM bought[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] present[neut,acc] building[acc] office[pl,gen], had pay[past.perf,3.Sg] interest[pl,acc] mortgage[gen] on the[neut,acc] previous[acc] for 8 years[acc].
Before APCOM bought its present office building, it had been paying mortgage interest on the previous one for 8 years.
Apo tote pou i APKOM agorase to paron ktirio grafeion, echei katavalei tokous stegastikou daneiou gia auto gia pano apo 10 chronia.
a'po 'tote pu i 'apkom a'ɣorase to pa'ron 'ktirio ɣra'fion, kata'vali 'tokus steɣasti'ku ða'niu ʝa a'fto ʝa 'pano a'po 'ðeka 'xroɲa.
Since the[f,nom] APCOM bought[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] present[neut,acc] building[acc] office[pl,gen], pay[pres,3.Sg] interest[pl,acc] mortgage[gen] on it[neut,acc] for more than 10 years[acc].
Since APCOM bought its present office building it has been paying mortgage interest on it for more than 10 years.
Echei katavalei i APKOM tokous stegastikou daneiou gia gia synolika 15 chronia i perissotero?
'eçi kata'vali i 'apkom 'tokus steɣasti'ku ða'niu ʝa sinoli'ka ðeka'pede 'xroɲa 'i peri'sotero?
Pay[pres,3.Sg] the[f,nom] APCOM interest[pl,acc] mortgage[gen] for a total of 15 years[acc] or more?
Has APCOM been paying mortgage interest for a total of 15 years or more?
I APKOM echei katavalei tokous stegastikou daneiou gia synolika 15 chronia i perissotero.
i 'apkom 'eçi kata'vali 'tokus steɣasti'ku ða'niu ʝa sinoli'ka ðeka'pede 'xroɲa 'i peri'sotero.
The[f,nom] APCOM pay[pres,3.Sg] interest[pl,acc] mortgage[gen] for a total of 15 years[acc] or more.
APCOM has been paying mortgage interest for a total of 15 years or more.
Nai
ne
Yes
Otan o Tzoouns pire ti douleia tou sti CIA, ixere oti den tha tou epitrepotan pote na grapsei ta apomnimonevmata tou.
'otan o 'dzouns 'pire ti ðu'ʎa tu sti siai'ei, 'iksere 'oti ðen θa tu epitre'potan po'te na 'ɣrapsi ta apomnimo'nevma'ta tu.
When the[m,nom] Jones got[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] job[acc] his[gen] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] CIA, knew[past,3.Sg] that not would him[acc] allow[fut.cont,3.Sg,passive] never to write[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,pl,acc] memoirs[acc] his[gen].
When Jones got his job at the CIA, he knew that he would never be allowed to write his memoirs.
Ischyei oti o Tzoouns den tha grapsei kai den tha tou epitrapei pote na grapsei ta apomnimonevmata tou?
is'çii 'oti o 'dzouns ðen θa 'ɣrapsi ce ðen θa tu epitra'pi po'te na 'ɣrapsi ta apomnimo'nevma'ta tu?
Is it the case that the[m,nom] Jones not write[fut,3.Sg] and not will him[acc] allow[fut,3.Sg,passive] never to write[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,pl,acc] memoirs[acc] his[gen]?
Is it the case that Jones is not and will never be allowed to write his memoirs?
Ischyei oti o Tzoouns den tha grapsei kai den tha tou epitrapei pote na grapsei ta apomnimonevmata tou.
is'çii 'oti o 'dzouns ðen θa 'ɣrapsi ce ðen θa tu epitra'pi po'te na 'ɣrapsi ta apomnimo'nevma'ta tu.
Is it the case that the[m,nom] Jones not write[fut,3.Sg] and not will him[acc] allow[fut,3.Sg,passive] never to write[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,pl,acc] memoirs[acc] his[gen].
It is the case that Jones is not and will never be allowed to write his memoirs.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith itan stin Florentia dyo fores sto parelthon.
o smiθ 'itan stin flore'dia ðʝo fo'res sto parel'θon.
The[m,nom] Smith has been[past,3.Sg] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Florence[acc] twice in the[contr,neut,sg,acc].
Smith has been to Florence twice in the past.
O Smith tha paei stin Florentia dyo fores ton epomeno chrono.
o smiθ θa 'pai stin flore'dia ðʝo fo'res ton e'pomeno 'xrono.
The[m,nom] Smith will go[pres,3.Sg] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Florence[acc] twice the[m,acc] coming[m,acc] year[acc].
Smith will go to Florence twice in the coming year.
Dyo chronia apo tora o Smith tha echei paei stin Florentia toulachiston tesseris fores?
ðʝo 'xroɲa a'po 'tora o smiθ θa 'eçi 'pai stin flore'dia tu'laçiston 'teseris fo'res?
Two years[acc] fron now, the[m,nom] Smith will have been[fut.perf,3.Sg] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Florence[acc] at least four[f,acc] times[acc]?
Two years from now will Smith have been to Florence at least four times?
Dyo chronia apo tora o Smith tha echei paei stin Florentia toulachiston tesseris fores.
ðʝo 'xroɲa a'po 'tora o smiθ θa 'eçi 'pai stin flore'dia tu'laçiston 'teseris fo'res.
Two years[acc] fron no, the[m,nom] Smith will have been[fut.perf,3.Sg] in the[contr,f,sg,acc] Florence[acc] at least four[f,acc] times[acc].
Two years from now Smith will have been to Florence at least four times.
Nai
ne
Yes
Tin persameni evdomada ixera idi oti otan, se diastima enos mina,i Smith tha anakalypte oti exapatithike, tha ginotan exalli.
tin pera'smeni evðo'maða 'iksera 'iði 'oti 'otan, se 'ðʝastima e'nos 'mina, i smiθ θa ana'kalipte 'oti eksapa'tiθice, θa ʝi'notan 'eksali.
The[f,acc] last[f,acc] week[acc] knew[past,1.Sg] already that when, in time[acc] one[m,gen] month[gen], the[f,nom] would discover[cond,3.Sg] that duped[past,3.Sg,passive], would be[cond,3.Sg] furious[f,nom]
Last week I already knew that when, in a month's time, Smith would discover that she had been duped she would be furious.
Tha ischysei oti se merikes evdomades i Smith that anakalypsei oti exapatithike kai tha ginei exalli?
θa is'çisi 'oti se meri'kes evðo'maðes i smiθ θa anaka'lipsi 'oti eksapa'tiθice ce θa 'ʝini 'eksali?
Is it the case that in few[f,acc] weeks[acc] the[f,nom] Smith will discover[fut,3.Sg] that duped[past,3.Sg,passive] and will be[fut,3.Sg] furious[f,nom]?
Will it be the case that in a few weeks Smith will discover that she has been duped; and will she be furious?
Tha ischysei oti se merikes evdomades i Smith that anakalypsei oti exapatithike kai tha ginei exalli.
θa is'çisi 'oti se meri'kes evðo'maðes i smiθ θa anaka'lipsi 'oti eksapa'tiθice ce θa 'ʝini 'eksali.
Is it the case that in few[f,acc] weeks[acc] the[f,nom] Smith will discover[fut,3.Sg] that duped[past,3.Sg,passive] and will be[fut,3.Sg] furious[f,nom].
It will be the case that in a few weeks Smith will discover that she has been duped; and she will be furious.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kanenaspou tzogarei sovara den stamata mechri na meinei tapi.
ka'nenas pu dzo'ɣari sova'ra ðen stama'ta 'mexri na 'mini ta'pi.
No one[m,nom] that gamble[pres,3.Sg] seriously not stop[pres,3.Sg] until to be broke[pres,3.Sg,subj].
No one gambling seriously stops until he is broke.
Kanenas den tzogarei otan einai tapi.
ka'nenas ðen bo'ri na dzo'ɣari 'otan 'ine ta'pi.
No one[m,nom] can[pres,3.Sg] to gamble[pres,3.Sg,subj] when is broke[pres,3.Sg].
No one can gamble when he is broke.
Oloi osoi archizoun na tzogaroun sovara stamatoun ti stigmi pou menoun tapi?
'oli 'osi ar'çizun na dzo'ɣarun sova'ra stama'tun ti stiɣ'mi pu 'menun ta'pi?
Everyone[m,nom] that start[pres,3.Pl] to gamble[pres,3.Pl,subj] seriously stop[pres,3.Pl] the moment that be broke[pres,3.Pl,subj]?
Does everyone who starts gambling seriously stop the moment he is broke?
Oloi osoi archizoun na tzogaroun sovara stamatoun ti stigmi pou menoun tapi.
'oli 'osi ar'çizun na dzo'ɣarun sova'ra stama'tun ti stiɣ'mi pu 'menun ta'pi.
Everyone[m,nom] that start[pres,3.Pl] to gamble[pres,3.Pl,subj] seriously stop[pres,3.Pl] the moment that be broke[pres,3.Pl,subj].
Everyone who starts gambling seriously stops the moment he is broke.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kanenas pou archizei na tzogarei sovara den stamata mechri na meinei tapi.
ka'nenas pu ar'çizi na dzo'ɣari sova'ra ðen stama'ta 'mexri na 'mini ta'pi.
No one[m,nom] who start[pres,3.Sg] to gamble[pres,3.Sg,subj] seriously not stop[pres,3.Sg] until to be broke[pres,3.Sg,subj].
No one who starts gambling seriously stops until he is broke.
Oloi osoi archizoun na tzogaroun sovara synechizoun mechri na meinoun tapi?
'oli 'osi ar'çizun na dzo'ɣarun sova'ra sine'çizun 'mexri na 'minun ta'pi?
Everyone[m,nom] that start[pres,3.Pl] to gamble[pres,3.Pl,subj] seriously continue[pres,3.Pl] until to be broke[pres,3.Pl,subj]?
Does everyone who starts gambling seriously continue until he is broke?
Oloi osoi archizoun na tzogaroun sovara synechizoun mechri na meinoun tapi.
'oli 'osi ar'çizun na dzo'ɣarun sova'ra sine'çizun 'mexri na 'minun ta'pi.
Everyone[m,nom] that start[pres,3.Pl] to gamble[pres,3.Pl,subj] seriously continue[pres,3.Pl] until to be broke[pres,3.Pl,subj].
Everyone who starts gambling seriously continues until he is broke.
Nai
ne
Yes
Kanenas pou koimatai den xerei pote oti koimatai.
ka'nenas pu ci'mate ðeŋ 'kseri po'te 'oti ci'mate.
Nobody[m,nom] who sleep[pres,3.Sg] not know[pres,3.Sg] ever that sleep[pres,3.Sg,subj].
Nobody who is asleep ever knows that he is asleep.
Alla merikoi anthropoi gnorizoun oti echoun koimithei afou echoun koimithei.
a'la meri'ci 'anθropi ɣno'rizun 'oti 'exun cimi'θi, a'fu 'exun cimi'θi.
But some[m,nom] people[nom] know[pres,3.Pl] that have asleep[pres.pref,3.Pl], after have asleep[pres.pref,3.Pl].
But some people know that they have been asleep after they have been asleep.
Anakalyptoun merikoi anthropoi oti echoun koimithei?
anaka'liptun meri'ki 'anθropi 'oti 'exun cimi'θi?
Discover[pres,3.Pl] some[m,nom] people[nom] that have asleep[pres.perf,3.Pl]?
Do some people discover that they have been asleep?
Merikoi anthropoi anakalyptoun oti echoun koimithei.
meri'ki 'anθropi anaka'liptun 'oti 'exun cimi'θi.
Some[m,nom] people[nom] discover[pres,3.Pl] that have asleep[pres.perd,3.Pl].
Some people discover that they have been asleep.
Nai
ne
Yes
8 VERBS
8.1 Aspectual Classes
See also the inference pertaining to in and for adverbials.
I ITEL kataskevase to MTALK to 1993.
i 'itel kata'skevase to 'emtok to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria.
The[f,nom] ITEL built[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] MTALK the[neut,acc] 1993.
ITEL built MTALK in 1993.
Teleiose i ITEL to MTALK to 1993?
te'liose i 'itel to 'emtok to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria?
Finish[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL the[neut,acc] MTALK the[neut,acc] 1993?
Did ITEL finish MTALK in 1993?
I ITEL teleiose to MTALK to 1993.
i 'itel te'liose to 'emtok to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria.
Τhe[f,nom] ITEL finish[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] MTALK the[neut,acc] 1993.
ITEL finished MTALK in 1993.
Nai
ne
Yes
I ITEL kataskevaze to MTALK to 1993.
i 'itel kata'skevaze to 'emtok to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria.
The[f,nom] ITEL built[past.cont,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] MTALK the[neut,acc] 1993.
ITEL was building MTALK in 1993.
Teleiose i ITEL to MTALK to 1993?
te'liose i 'itel to 'emtok to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria?
Finish[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL the[neut,acc] MTALK the[neut,acc] 1993?
Did ITEL finish MTALK in 1993?
I ITEL teleiose to MTALK to 1993.
i 'itel te'liose to 'emtok to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria.
Τhe[f,nom] ITEL finish[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] MTALK the[neut,acc] 1993.
ITEL finished MTALK in 1993.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
I ITEL kerdise to symvolaio apo tin APKOM to 1993.
i 'itel 'cerðise to sim'voleo a'po tin 'apkom to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] from the[f,acc] APCOM the[neut,acc] 1993.
ITEL won the contract from APCOM in 1993.
Kerdise i ITEL ena symvolaio to 1993?
'cerðise i 'itel 'ena sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL a[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1993?
Did ITEL win a contract in 1993?
I ITEL kerdise ena symvolaio to 1993.
i 'itel 'cerðise 'ena sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria.
Τhe[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] contrct[acc] the[neut,acc] 1993.
ITEL won a contract in 1993.
Nai
ne
Yes
I ITEL kerdize to symvolaio apo tin APKOM to 1993.
i 'itel 'cerðize to sim'voleo a'po tin 'apkom to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria.
The[f,nom] ITEL won[past.cont,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] from the[f,acc] APCOM the[neut,acc] 1993.
ITEL was winning the contract from APCOM in 1993.
Kerdise i ITEL ena symvolaio to 1993?
'cerðise i 'itel 'ena sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL a[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1993?
Did ITEL win a contract in 1993?
I ITEL kerdise ena symvolaio to 1993.
i 'itel 'cerðise 'ena sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'tria.
Τhe[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] a[neut,acc] contrct[acc] the[neut,acc] 1993.
ITEL won a contract in 1993.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
I ITEL eiche tin APKOM apo to 1988 os to 1993.
i 'itel 'içe tin 'apkom a'po to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça o'ɣðonda o'xto os to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio.
The[f,nom] ITEL own[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] APCOM from the[neut,acc] 1988 to the[neut,acc] 1993.
ITEL owned APCOM from 1988 to 1992.
Eiche i ITEL tin APKOM to 1990?
'içe i 'itel tin 'apkom to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida?
Own[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL the[f,acc] APCOM the[neut,acc] 1990?
Did ITEL own APCOM in 1990?
I ITEL eiche tin APKOM to 1990.
i 'itel 'içe tin 'apkom to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida.
Τhe[f,nom] ITEL own[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] APCOM the[neut,acc] 1990.
ITEL owned APCOM in 1990.
Nai
ne
Yes
8.2 Distributive and Collective Predication
O Smith kai o Tzoouns efygan apo ti synedriasi.
o smiθ ce o 'dzouns 'efiɣan a'po ti sine'ðriasi.
The[m,nom] Smith and the[m,nom] Jones left[past,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] meeting[acc].
Smith and Jones left the meeting.
Efyge o Smith apo ti synedriasi?
'efiʝe o smiθ a'po ti sine'ðriasi?
Left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith from the[f,acc] meeting[acc]?
Did Smith leave the meeting?
O Smith efyge apo ti synedriasi.
o smiθ 'efiʝe a'po ti sine'ðriasi.
The[m,nom] Smith left[past,3.Sg] from the[f,acc] meeting[acc].
Smith left the meeting.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith kai o Tzoouns efygan apo ti synedriasi.
o smiθ ce o 'dzouns 'efiɣan a'po ti sine'ðriasi.
The[m,nom] Smith and the[m,nom] Jones left[past,3.Pl] from the[f,acc] meeting[acc].
Smith and Jones left the meeting.
Efyge o Tzoouns apo ti synedriasi?
'efiʝe o 'dzouns a'po ti sine'ðriasi?
Left[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones from the[f,acc] meeting[acc]?
Did Jones leave the meeting?
O Tzoouns efyge apo ti synedriasi.
o 'dzouns 'efiʝe a'po ti sine'ðriasi.
The[m,nom] Jones left[past,3.Sg] from the[f,acc] meeting[acc].
Jones left the meeting.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith, o Anterson kai o Tzoouns synantithikan.
o smiθ, o 'anderson ce o 'dzouns sina'diθikan.
The[m,nom] Smith the[m,nom] Anderson and the[m,nom] Jones met[past,3.Pl,passive].
Smith, Anderson and Jones met.
Ypirche mia omada anthropon pou synantithikan?
i'pirçe mɲa o'maða an'θropon pu sina'diθikan?
Exist[past,3.Sg] a[f.acc] group[acc] people[gen] that met[past,3.Pl,passive]?
Was there a group of people that met?
Ypirche mia omada anthropon pou synantithikan.
i'pirçe mɲa o'maða an'θropon pu sina'diθikan.
Exist[past,3.Sg] a[f.acc] group[acc] people[gen] that met[past,3.Pl,passive].
There was a group of people that met.
Nai
ne
Yes
9 ATTITUDES
9.1 Epistemic, Intentional and Reportive Attitudes
O Smith ixere oti i ITEL eiche kerdisei to symvolaio to 1992.
o smiθ 'iksere 'oti i 'itel 'içe cer'ðisi to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio.
The[m,nom] Smith knew[past,3.Sg] that the[f,nom] ITEL had won[past.perf,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992.
Smith knew that ITEL had won the contract in 1992.
Kerdise i ITEL to symvolaio to 1992?
'cerðise i 'itel to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992?
Did ITEL win the contract in 1992?
I ITEL kerdise to symvolaio to 1992.
i 'itel 'cerðise to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio.
Τhe[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992.
ITEL won the contract in 1992.
Nai
ne
Yes
O Smith pisteve oti i ITEL eiche kerdisei to symvolaio to 1992.
o smiθ 'pisteve 'oti i 'itel 'içe cer'ðisi to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio.
The[m,nom] Smith believed[past,3.Sg] that the[f,nom] ITEL had won[past.perf,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992.
Smith believed that ITEL had won the contract in 1992.
Kerdise i ITEL to symvolaio to 1992?
'cerðise i 'itel to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992?
Did ITEL win the contract in 1992?
I ITEL kerdise to symvolaio to 1992.
i 'itel 'cerðise to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio.
Τhe[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992.
ITEL won the contract in 1992.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
I ITEL katafere na kerdisei to symvolaio to 1992.
i 'itel ka'tafere na cer'ðisi to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio.
The[f,nom] ITEL managed[past,3.Sg] to win[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992.
ITEL managed to win the contract in 1992.
Kerdise i ITEL to symvolaio to 1992?
'cerðise i 'itel to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992?
Did ITEL win the contract in 1992?
I ITEL kerdise to symvolaio to 1992.
i 'itel 'cerðise to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio.
Τhe[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992.
ITEL won the contract in 1992.
Nai
ne
Yes
I ITEL prospathise na kerdisei to symvolaio to 1992.
i 'itel pro'spaθise na cer'ðisi to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio.
The[f,nom] ITEL tried[past,3.Sg] to win[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992.
ITEL tried to win the contract in 1992.
Kerdise i ITEL to symvolaio to 1992?
'cerðise i 'itel to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992?
Did ITEL win the contract in 1992?
I ITEL kerdise to symvolaio to 1992.
i 'itel 'cerðise to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio.
Τhe[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992.
ITEL won the contract in 1992.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
Einai alithia oti i ITEL kerdise to symvolaio to 1992.
'ine a'liθça 'oti i 'itel 'cerðise to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio.
Is[pres,3.Sg] true[acc] that the[f,nom] ITEL won[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992.
It is true that ITEL won the contract in 1992.
Kerdise i ITEL to symvolaio to 1992?
'cerðise i 'itel to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992?
Did ITEL win the contract in 1992?
I ITEL kerdise to symvolaio to 1992.
i 'itel 'cerðise to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio.
Τhe[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992.
ITEL won the contract in 1992.
Nai
ne
Yes
Einai psevdes oti i ITEL kerdise to symvolaio to 1992.
'ine psev'ðes 'oti i 'itel 'cerðise to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio.
Is[pres,3.Sg] false[acc] that the[f,nom] ITEL won[pres,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992.
It is false that ITEL won the contract in 1992.
Kerdise i ITEL to symvolaio to 1992?
'cerðise i 'itel to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio?
Win[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] ITEL the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992?
Did ITEL win the contract in 1992?
I ITEL kerdise to symvolaio to 1992.
i 'itel 'cerðise to sim'voleo to 'xiʎa eɲa'kosça ene'nida 'ðio.
Τhe[f,nom] ITEL won[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] the[neut,acc] 1992.
ITEL won the contract in 1992.
Ochi
'oçi
No
9.2 Preceptive Attitudes: "See" with Bare Infinitive Complements
9.2.1 Inferences we do not get
O Smith eide to Tzoouns na ypografei to symvolaio.
o smiθ 'iðe ton 'dzouns na ipo'ɣrafi to sim'voleo.
The[m,nom] Smith saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones to sign[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Smith saw Jones sign the contract.
An o Tzoouns ypegrapse to symvolaio, i kardia tou chtypouse.
an o 'dzouns i'peɣrapse to sim'voleo, i kar'ðʝa tu xti'puse.
If the[m,nom] Jones signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc], the[f,nom] heart[nom] his[gen] beat[past.cont,3.Sg].
If Jones signed the contract, his heart was beating.
Eide o Smith ti kardia tou Tzoouns na chtypaei?
'iðe o smiθ tin kar'ðʝa tu 'dzouns na xti'pai?
Saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[f,acc] heart[acc] the[m,gen] Jones to beat[pres,3.Sg,subj]?
Did Smith see Jones' heart beat?
O Smith eide ti kardia tou Tzoouns na chtypaei.
o smiθ 'iðe tin kar'ðʝa tu 'dzouns na xti'pai.
The[m,nom] Smith saw[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] heart[acc] the[m,gen] Jones to beat[pres,3.Sg,subj].
Smith saw Jones' heart beat.
Den xero
ðeŋ 'ksero
Don't know
O Smith eide to Tzoouns na ypografei to symvolaio.
o smiθ 'iðe ton 'dzouns na ipo'ɣrafi to si'mvoleo.
The[m,nom] Smith saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones to sign[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Smith saw Jones sign the contract.
Otan o Tzoouns ypegrapse to symvolaio, i kardia tou chtypouse.
'otan o 'dzouns i'peɣrapse to si'mvoleo, i kar'ðʝa tu xti'puse.
When the[m,nom] Jones signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc], the[f,nom] heart[nom] his[gen] beat[past.cont,3.Sg].
When Jones signed the contract, his heart was beating.
Eide o Smith ti kardia tou Tzoouns na chtypaei?
'iðe o smiθ tin kar'ðʝa tu 'dzouns na xti'pai?
Saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[f,acc] heart[acc] the[m,gen] Jones to beat[pres,3.Sg,subj]?
Did Smith see Jones' heart beat?
O Smith eide ti kardia tou Tzoouns na chtypaei.
o smiθ 'iðe tin kar'ðʝa tu 'dzouns na xti'pai.
The[m,nom] Smith saw[past,3.Sg] the[f,acc] heart[acc] the[m,gen] Jones to beat[pres,3.Sg,subj].
Smith saw Jones' heart beat.
Den xero
ðeŋ ksero
Don't know
9.2.2 Veridicality
a saw \phi < \phi
O Smith eide to Tzoouns na ypografei to symvolaio.
o smiθ 'iðe ton 'dzouns na ipo'ɣrafi to sim'voleo.
The[m,nom] Smith saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones to sign[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Smith saw Jones sign the contract.
Ypegrapse o Tzoouns to symvolaio?
i'peɣrapse o 'dzouns to sim'voleo?
Sign[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones the[neut,acc] contract[acc]?
Did Jones sign the contract?
O Tzoouns ypegrapse to symvolaio.
o 'dzouns i'peɣrapse to simvoleo.
The[m,nom] Jones signed[past,3.Sg] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Jones signed the contract.
Nai
ne
Yes
9.2.3 Substitution
a saw \phi(b), b = c < a saw \phi(c)
O Smith eide to Tzoouns na ypografei to symvolaio.
o smiθ 'iðe ton 'dzouns na ipo'ɣrafi to sim'voleo.
The[m,nom] Smith saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones to sign[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Smith saw Jones sign the contract.
O Tzoouns einai o proedros tis ITEL.
o 'dzouns 'ine o 'proeðros tis 'itel.
The[m,nom] Jones is[pres,3.Sg] the[m,nom] chairman[nom] the[f,gen] ITEL.
Jones is the chairman of ITEL.
Eide o Smith ton proedro tis ITEL na ypografei to symvolaio?
'iðe o smiθ ton 'proeðro tis 'itel na ipo'ɣrafi to sim'voleo?
Saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[m,acc] chairman[acc] the[f,gen] ITEL to sign[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc]?
Did Smith see the chairman of ITEL sign the contract?
O Smith eide ton proedro tis ITEL na ypografei to symvolaio.
o smiθ 'iðe ton 'proeðro tis 'itel na ipo'ɣrafi to sim'voleo.
The[m,nom] Smith saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] chairman[acc] the[f,gen] ITEL to sign[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Smith saw the chairman of ITEL sign the contract.
Nai
ne
Yes
9.2.4 Existential instantiation
a saw \phi(b) < 9x a saw \phi(x)
I Eleni eide ton proedro tou tmimatos na apantaei sto tilefono.
i e'leni 'iðe ton 'proeðro tu 'tmimatos na apa'dai sto ti'lefono.
The[f,nom] Helen saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] chairman[acc] the[neut,gen] department[gen] to answer[pres,3.Sg,subj] to the[contr,neut,acc,sg] phone[acc].
Helen saw the chairman of the department answer the phone.
O proedros tou tmimatos einai anthropos.
o 'proeðros tu 'tmimatos 'ine 'anθropos.
The[m,nom] chairman the[neut,gen] department[gen] is[pres,3.Sg] person[nom].
The chairman of the department is a person.
Yparchei kapoios ton opoio eide i Eleni na apantaei sto tilefono?
i'parçi 'kapços ton o'pio 'iðe i e'leni na apa'dai sto ti'lefono?
Exist[pres,3.Sg] anyone[m,nom] the[m,acc,clitic] whom[m,acc] saw[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] Helen[nom] to answer[pres,3.Sg,subj] to the[contr,neut,acc,sg] phone[acc]?
Is there anyone whom Helen saw answer the phone?
Yparchei kapoios ton opoio eide i Eleni na apantaei sto tilefono.
i'parçi 'kapços ton o'pio 'iðe i e'leni na apa'dai sto ti'lefono.
Exist[pres,3.Sg] anyone[m,nom] the[m,acc,clitic] whom[m,acc] saw[past,3.Sg] the[f,nom] Helen[nom] to answer[pres,3.Sg,subj] to the[contr,neut,acc,sg] phone[acc].
There is someone whom Helen saw answer the phone.
Nai
ne
Yes
9.2.5 Conjunction distribution
a saw \phi and / < a saw \phi and a saw /
O Smith eide to Tzoouns na ypografei to symvolaio kai ti grammatea tou na kanei ena antitypo.
o smiθ 'iðe ton 'dzouns na ipo'ɣrafi to sim'voleo ce ti ɣrama'tea tu na 'kani 'ena a'ditipo.
The[m,nom] Smith saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones to sign[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] and the[f,acc] secretary[acc] his[gen] to make[pres,3.Sg,subj] a[neut,acc] copy[acc].
Smith saw Jones sign the contract and his secretary make a copy.
Eide o Smith ton Tzoouns na ypografei to symvolaio?
'iðe o smiθ ton 'dzouns na ipo'ɣrafi to sim'voleo?
Saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[m,acc] Jones to sign[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc]?
Did Smith see Jones sign the contract?
O Smith eide ton Tzoouns na ypografei to symvolaio.
o smiθ 'iðe ton 'dzouns na ipo'ɣrafi to sim'voleo.
The[m,nom] Smith saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] Jones to sign[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc].
Smith saw Jones sign the contract.
Nai
ne
Yes
9.2.6 Disjunction distribution
A saw \phi or / < A saw \phi or A saw /
O Smith eide to Tzoouns na ypografei to symvolaio i na diagrafei ti krisimi ritra.
o smiθ 'iðe ton 'dzouns na ipo'ɣrafi to sim'voleo 'i na ðia'ɣrafi tin 'krisimi 'ritra.
The[m,nom] Smith saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Jones to sign[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] or to cross out[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[f,acc] crucial[f,acc] clause[acc].
Smith saw Jones sign the contract or cross out the crucial clause.
Eide o Smith ton Tzoouns eite na ypografei to symvolaio eite na diagrafei ti krisimi ritra?
'iðe o smiθ ton 'dzouns 'ite' na ipo'ɣrafi to sim'voleo 'ite na ðia'ɣrafi tin 'krisimi 'ritra?
Saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,nom] Smith the[m,acc] Jones either to sign[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] or to cross out[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[f,acc] crucial[f,acc] clause[acc] ?
Did Smith either see Jones sign the contract or see Jones cross out the crucial clause?
O Smith eide ton Tzoouns na ypografei to symvolaio i ton Tzoouns na diagrafei ti krisimi ritra.
o smiθ 'iðe ton 'dzouns na ipo'ɣrafi to sim'voleo 'i ton 'dzouns na ðia'ɣrafi tin 'krisimi 'ritra.
The[m,nom] Smith saw[past,3.Sg] the[m,acc] Jones to sign[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[neut,acc] contract[acc] or the[m,acc] Jones to cross out[pres,3.Sg,subj] the[f,acc] crucial[f,acc] clause[acc].
Smith either saw Jones sign the contract or saw Jones cross out the crucial clause.
Nai
ne
Yes